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      Transfer RNA-Derived Small Non-Coding RNA: Dual Regulator of Protein Synthesis

      review-article
      *
      Molecules and Cells
      Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology
      tRF, tRNA, tsRNA, translation

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          Abstract

          Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) play a role in various cellular processes. Accumulating evidence has revealed that tsRNAs are deeply implicated in human diseases, such as various cancers and neurological disorders, suggesting that tsRNAs should be investigated to develop novel therapeutic intervention. tsRNAs provide more complexity to the physiological role of transfer RNAs by repressing or activating protein synthesis with distinct mechanisms. Here, we highlight the detailed mechanism of tsRNA-mediated dual regulation in protein synthesis and discuss the necessity of novel sequencing technology to learn more about tsRNAs.

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          Most cited references25

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          Stress granules: the Tao of RNA triage.

          Cytoplasmic RNA structures such as stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) are functional byproducts of mRNA metabolism, sharing substrate mRNA, dynamic properties and many proteins, but also housing separate components and performing independent functions. Each can exist independently, but when coordinately induced they are often tethered together in a cytosolic dance. Although both self-assemble in response to stress-induced perturbations in translation, several recent reports reveal novel proteins and RNAs that are components of these structures but also perform other cellular functions. Proteins that mediate splicing, transcription, adhesion, signaling and development are all integrated with SG and PB assembly. Thus, these ephemeral bodies represent more than just the dynamic sorting of mRNA between translation and decay.
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            tRNA cleavage is a conserved response to oxidative stress in eukaryotes.

            Recent results have identified a diversity of small RNAs in a wide range of organisms. In this work, we demonstrate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a small RNA population consisting primarily of tRNA halves and rRNA fragments. Both 5' and 3' fragments of tRNAs are detectable by Northern blot analysis, suggesting a process of endonucleolytic cleavage. tRNA and rRNA fragment production in yeast is most pronounced during oxidative stress conditions, especially during entry into stationary phase. Similar tRNA fragments are also observed in human cell lines and in plants during oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that tRNA cleavage is a conserved aspect of the response to oxidative stress.
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              Efficient and quantitative high-throughput transfer RNA sequencing

              Despite its biological importance, transfer RNA (tRNA) could not be adequately sequenced by standard methods due to abundant post-transcriptional modifications and stable structure, which interfere with cDNA synthesis. We achieve efficient and quantitative tRNA sequencing using engineered demethylases to remove base methylations and a highly processive thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase to overcome these obstacles (DM-TGIRT-seq). Our method should be applicable to investigations of tRNA in all organisms.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Mol Cells
                Mol. Cells
                ksmcb
                Molecules and Cells
                Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology
                1016-8478
                0219-1032
                October 2019
                22 October 2019
                22 October 2019
                : 42
                : 10
                : 687-692
                Affiliations
                Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: hakyun@ 123456cau.ac.kr
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-7870
                Article
                molce-42-10-687
                10.14348/molcells.2019.0214
                6821453
                31656062
                90c5fc3a-98b6-49b7-8006-115becefc592
                © The Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology. All rights reserved.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/.

                History
                : 23 September 2019
                : 09 October 2019
                : 15 October 2019
                Categories
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                trf,trna,tsrna,translation
                trf, trna, tsrna, translation

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