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      Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Isolates Causing Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Animals

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          Abstract

          Mastitis is the most frequent and costly disease of lactating animals and is associated with a significant reduction in milk yield, increased cost and culling. Early and specific antibiotic based treatment reduces the severity of the disease. Over the years the extensive use of antimicrobials has led to increase antimicrobial resistance. The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of microorganisms responsible for mastitis and their antimicrobial resistance pattern. A total of 282 milk samples were collected from different animal species (sheep, cows and goats) with clinical mastitis. Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated for Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. In cow samples Streptococcus spp. represented the most frequently isolated genus (33.84%), while Staphylococcus spp. was the most prevalent genus in sheep and goat samples (44.4 and 73.86%, respectively). Gentamicin and chloramphenicol were found to be the most effective drugs against the tested isolates, while the highest resistance rates were observed for amoxicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

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          Editorial: assessing the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria obtained from animals.

          Stefan Schwarz, Peter Silley, Shabbir Simjee … (2010)
          The accurate performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria from animal sources and the correct presentation of the results is a complex matter. A review of the published literature revealed a number of recurring errors with regard to methodology, quality control, appropriate interpretive criteria, and calculation of MIC(50) and MIC(90) values. Although more subjective, there is also no consensus regarding the definition of multiresistance. This Editorial is intended to provide guidance to authors on how to avoid these frequently detected shortcomings.
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            Bovine mastitis: an evolving disease.

            Eloise Bradley (2002)
            Mastitis remains a major challenge to the worldwide dairy industry despite the widespread implementation of mastitis control strategies. The last forty years have seen a dramatic decrease in clinical mastitis incidence but this has been accompanied by a change in the relative and absolute importance of different pathogens. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus uberis are now the two most common causes of bovine mastitis and are an increasing problem in low somatic cell count herds. This paper reviews the changes in incidence and pattern of mastitis in the UK over the last four decades and discusses some of the possible explanations for these changes. It focuses in particular on apparent changes in the behaviour of E. coli and its ability to cause persistent intramammary infection; which may be as a result of bacterial adaptation or the unmasking of previously unrecognized patterns of pathogenesis. The prospects for novel approaches to mastitis control are discussed, as are the current and future challenges facing the industry.
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              Reidentification of Streptococcus bovis isolates causing bacteremia according to the new taxonomy criteria: still an issue?

              María Loza, Beatriz Romero, Enrique Navas … (2011)
              All Streptococcus bovis blood culture isolates recovered from January 2003 to January 2010 (n = 52) at the Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal were reidentified on the basis of their genetic traits using new taxonomic criteria. Initial identification was performed by the semiautomatic Wider system (Fco. Soria-Melguizo, Spain) and the API 20 Strep system (bioMérieux, France). All isolates were reidentified by PCR amplification and sequencing of both the 16S rRNA and sodA genes and by mass spectrometry using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS; Bruker, Germany). Results of 16S rRNA/sodA gene sequencing were as follows: Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus, 14/14 (number of isolates identified by 16S rRNA/number of isolates identified by sodA gene sequencing); Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus, 24/24; Streptococcus spp., 7/0; Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius, 0/2; Streptococcus lutetiensis, 0/5; Leuconostoc mesenteroides, 4/0; and Lactococcus lactis, 3/3. MALDI-TOF MS identified 27 S. gallolyticus isolates but not at the subspecies level, 4 L. mesenteroides isolates, 3 L. lactis isolates, and 6 S. lutetiensis isolates, whereas 12 isolates rendered a nonreliable identification result. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis grouped all S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus isolates into 3 major clusters clearly different from those of the S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus isolates, which, in turn, exhibited no clonal relationship. The percentages of resistance to the tested antimicrobials were 38% for erythromycin, 23% for fosfomycin, 10% for levofloxacin, 6% for tetracycline, and 4% for co-trimoxazole. The most frequent underlying diseases were hepatobiliary disorders (53%), endocarditis (17%), and malignancies (12%). We conclude that sequencing of the sodA gene was the most discriminatory method and that S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus appears to have a higher genetic diversity than S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ital J Food Saf
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ital J Food Saf
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJFS
                Title: Italian Journal of Food Safety
                Publisher: PAGEPress Publications, Pavia, Italy
                ISSN (Electronic): 2239-7132
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 May 2017
                Publication date Collection: 13 April 2017
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 6612
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University , Catanzaro, Italy
                [2 ]Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II , Naples, Italy
                [3 ]Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Southern Italy , Catanzaro, Italy
                Author notes
                Department of Health Sciences, Magna Gracia University, viale Europa - Loc. Germaneto Edificio delle Bioscience, 88100 Catanzaro (CZ), Italy. +39.0961.3694203. costanzo.nic@ 123456unicz.it
                Article
                DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2017.6612
                PMC ID: 5505090
                PubMed ID: 28713793
                SO-VID: 90c60cf6-6f10-4d70-80c4-e7502886bd60
                Copyright © ©Copyright C. Ceniti et al., 2017
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 02 February 2017
                Date revision received : 18 April 2017
                Date accepted : 18 April 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 4
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: antibiotic resistance,mastitis,staphylococcus aureus
                Data availability:
                Keywords: antibiotic resistance, mastitis, staphylococcus aureus

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