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      Diurnal preference and depressive symptomatology: a meta-analysis

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      Scientific Reports
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Risk factors, Depression

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          Abstract

          Eveningness, a preference for later sleep and rise times, has been associated with a number of negative outcomes in terms of both physical and mental health. A large body of evidence links eveningness to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, to date, evidence quantifying this association is limited. The current meta-analysis included 43 effect sizes from a total 27,996 participants. Using a random-effects model it was demonstrated that eveningness is associated with a small effect size (Fisher’s Z = − 2.4, 95% CI [− 0.27. − 0.21], p < 0.001). Substantial heterogeneity between studies was observed, with meta-regression analyses demonstrating a significant effect of mean age on the association between diurnal preference and depression. There was also evidence of potential publication bias as assessed by visual inspection of funnel plots and Egger’s test. The association between diurnal preference and depression is small in magnitude and heterogenous. A better understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings linking diurnal preference to depression and suitably powered prospective studies that allow causal inference are required.

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          Most cited references106

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          The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population

          L Radloff (1977)
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            The PHQ-9

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              The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ray.norbury@brunel.ac.uk
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                7 June 2021
                7 June 2021
                2021
                : 11
                : 12003
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.7728.a, ISNI 0000 0001 0724 6933, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Division of Psychology, , Brunel University London, ; Uxbridge, UB8 3PH UK
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0400-9726
                Article
                91205
                10.1038/s41598-021-91205-3
                8184740
                34099766
                90e192fc-8e2e-4d62-b753-2ddd1bc67264
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 5 March 2021
                : 24 May 2021
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                © The Author(s) 2021

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                risk factors,depression
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                risk factors, depression

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