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      Comparative proteome and peptidome analysis of the cephalic fluid secreted by Arapaima gigas (Teleostei: Osteoglossidae) during and outside parental care

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          Abstract

          Parental investment in Arapaima gigas includes nest building and guarding, followed by a care provision when a cephalic fluid is released from the parents’ head to the offspring. This fluid has presumably important functions for the offspring but so far its composition has not been characterised. In this study the proteome and peptidome of the cephalic secretion was studied in parental and non-parental fish using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) and GeLC-MS/MS analyses. Multiple comparisons revealed 28 peptides were significantly different between males and parental males (PC-males), 126 between females and parental females (PC-females), 51 between males and females and 9 between PC-males and PC-females. Identification revealed peptides were produced in the inner ear (pcdh15b), eyes (tetraspanin and ppp2r3a), central nervous system (otud4, ribeye a, tjp1b and syn1) among others. A total of 422 proteins were also identified and gene ontology analysis revealed 28 secreted extracellular proteins. From these, 2 hormones (prolactin and stanniocalcin) and 12 proteins associated to immunological processes (serotransferrin, α-1-antitrypsin homolog, apolipoprotein A-I, and others) were identified. This study provides novel biochemical data on the lateral line fluid which will enable future hypotheses-driven experiments to better understand the physiological roles of the lateral line in chemical communication.

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          Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing

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            Fishes of the World

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              Pheromones and signature mixtures: defining species-wide signals and variable cues for identity in both invertebrates and vertebrates.

              T. Wyatt (2010)
              Pheromones have been found in species in almost every part of the animal kingdom, including mammals. Pheromones (a molecule or defined combination of molecules) are species-wide signals which elicit innate responses (though responses can be conditional on development as well as context, experience, and internal state). In contrast, signature mixtures, in invertebrates and vertebrates, are variable subsets of molecules of an animal's chemical profile which are learnt by other animals, allowing them to distinguish individuals or colonies. All signature mixtures, and almost all pheromones, whatever the size of molecules, are detected by olfaction (as defined by receptor families and glomerular processing), in mammals by the main olfactory system or vomeronasal system or both. There is convergence on a glomerular organization of olfaction. The processing of all signature mixtures, and most pheromones, is combinatorial across a number of glomeruli, even for some sex pheromones which appear to have 'labeled lines'. Narrowly specific pheromone receptors are found, but are not a prerequisite for a molecule to be a pheromone. A small minority of pheromones act directly on target tissues (allohormone pheromones) or are detected by non-glomerular chemoreceptors, such as taste. The proposed definitions for pheromone and signature mixture are based on the heuristic value of separating these kinds of chemical information. In contrast to a species-wide pheromone, there is no single signature mixture to find, as signature mixtures are a 'receiver-side' phenomenon and it is the differences in signature mixtures which allow animals to distinguish each other.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Resources
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                24 October 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 10
                : e0186692
                Affiliations
                [1 ] EMBRAPA Fisheries and Aquaculture, Palmas-Tocantins, Brazil
                [2 ] Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
                [3 ] Proteome Analysis Facility, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
                [4 ] Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
                [5 ] College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
                [6 ] Center of Research in Aquaculture Rodolpho von Ihering, CPA/DNOCS, Ombreira Direita, Pentecoste, Ceará, Brazil
                Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: JS is employee of Mosaiques Diagnostics, a company that has developed CE-MS technology for clinical application. LT is employee of EMBRAPA, a Brazilian agricultural research corporation. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-3723
                Article
                PONE-D-17-13426
                10.1371/journal.pone.0186692
                5655490
                29065179
                90ef4d91-2d41-432d-8caf-c33bc9299653
                © 2017 Torati et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 6 April 2017
                : 5 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 20
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply through CNPq
                Award ID: N. 457465/2012-3 and 434400/2016-5
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service - SEBRAE
                Award ID: FAPTO Grant N. 2538/2012
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Department for Works Against the Droughts -DNOCS
                Award Recipient :
                This project was partly supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply through CNPq (Grants. N. 457465/2012-3 and 434400/2016-5) to Lucas Simon Torati, by the Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service SEBRAE (FAPTO Grant N. 2538/2012) to Lucas Simon Torati, and by the National Department for Works Against the Droughts -DNOCS to Pedro E.C. Mesquita. The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) and Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH provided support in the form of salaries to LT and JS, respectively, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. MD acknowledges funding from the European Regional Development Fund, Scottish Funding Council and Highlands and Islands Enterprise.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Computational Biology
                Genome Analysis
                Gene Ontologies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Genomics
                Genome Analysis
                Gene Ontologies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Proteins
                Proteomes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Mucus
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Mucus
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Mucus
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Mucus
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Proteins
                Structural Proteins
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Secretion
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Secretion
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Fish Biology
                Fish Physiology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animal Physiology
                Vertebrate Physiology
                Fish Physiology
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Electrophoretic Techniques
                Capillary Electrophoresis
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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