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      The Yekaterinburg headache initiative: an interventional project, within the Global Campaign against Headache, to reduce the burden of headache in Russia

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          Abstract

          Background

          As major causes of global public ill-health and disability, headache disorders are paradoxically ignored in health policy and in planning, resourcing and implementing health services. This is true worldwide. Russia, where the prevalence of headache disorders and levels of attributed disability are well in excess of the global and European averages, is no exception, while arcane diagnoses and treatment preferences are an aggravating factor. Urgent remedial action, with political support, is called for.

          Methods

          Yekaterinburg, in Sverdlovsk Oblast, is the chosen centre for a demonstrational interventional project in Russia, undertaken within the Global Campaign against Headache. The initiative proposes three actions: 1) raise awareness of need for improvement; 2) design and implement a three-tier model (from primary care to a single highly specialized centre with academic affiliation) for efficient and equitable delivery of headache-related health care; 3) develop a range of educational initiatives aimed at primary-care physicians, non-specialist neurologists, pharmacists and the general public to support the second action.

          Results and conclusion

          We set these proposals in a context of a health-care needs assessment, and as a model for all Russia. We present and discuss early progress of the initiative, justify the investment of resources required for implementation and call for the political support that full implementation requires. The more that the Yekaterinburg headache initiative can achieve, the more likely it is that this support will be forthcoming.

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          Most cited references12

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          The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide.

          This study, which is a part of the initiative 'Lifting The Burden: The Global Campaign to Reduce the Burden of Headache Worldwide', assesses and presents all existing evidence of the world prevalence and burden of headache disorders. Population-based studies applying International Headache Society criteria for migraine and tension-type headache, and also studies on headache in general and 'chronic daily headache', have been included. Globally, the percentages of the adult population with an active headache disorder are 46% for headache in general, 11% for migraine, 42% for tension-type headache and 3% for chronic daily headache. Our calculations indicate that the disability attributable to tension-type headache is larger worldwide than that due to migraine. On the World Health Organization's ranking of causes of disability, this would bring headache disorders into the 10 most disabling conditions for the two genders, and into the five most disabling for women.
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            The cost of headache disorders in Europe: the Eurolight project.

            Headache disorders are very common, but their monetary costs in Europe are unknown. We performed the first comprehensive estimation of how economic resources are lost to headache in Europe.   From November 2008 to August 2009, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in eight countries representing 55% of the adult EU population. Participation rates varied between 11% and 59%. In total, 8412 questionnaires contributed to this analysis. Using bottom-up methodology, we estimated direct (medications, outpatient health care, hospitalization and investigations) and indirect (work absenteeism and reduced productivity at work) annual per-person costs. Prevalence data, simultaneously collected and, for migraine, also derived from a systematic review, were used to impute national costs.   Mean per-person annual costs were €1222 for migraine (95% CI 1055-1389; indirect costs 93%), €303 for tension-type headache (TTH, 95% CI 230-376; indirect costs 92%), €3561 for medication-overuse headache (MOH, 95% CI 2487-4635; indirect costs 92%), and €253 for other headaches (95% CI 99-407; indirect costs 82%). In the EU, the total annual cost of headache amongst adults aged 18-65 years was calculated, according to our prevalence estimates, at €173 billion, apportioned to migraine (€111 billion; 64%), TTH (€21 billion; 12%), MOH (€37 billion; 21%) and other headaches (€3 billion; 2%). Using the 15% systematic review prevalence of migraine, calculated costs were somewhat lower (migraine €50 billion, all headache €112 billion annually).   Headache disorders are prominent health-related drivers of immense economic losses for the EU. This has immediate implications for healthcare policy. Health care for headache can be both improved and cost saving. © 2011 The Author(s). European Journal of Neurology © 2011 EFNS.
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              Migraine: the seventh disabler

              With the agreement of the Editors-in-Chief, this editorial is published simultaneously by Cephalalgia, Headache and The Journal of Headache and Pain. On 15th December 2012, a special edition of Lancet published the principal findings of the Global Burden of Disease Survey 2010 (GBD2010). Few reports are likely to have more profound meaning for people with headache, or carry greater promise for a better future, than the seven papers (and one in particular [1]) that were presented. GBD2010 was not the first such survey to be conducted, nor the first to give some recognition to the burden of migraine. The Global Burden of Disease Survey 2000 (GBD2000), conducted 12 years ago by the World Health Organization (WHO), listed migraine as the 19th cause of disability in the world, responsible for 1.4% of all years of life lost to disability (YLDs) [2]. This finding has been cited repeatedly ever since; it has fuelled attempts to generate political acceptance of headache as a public-health priority [3], and given credibility to calls for greater investment in headache care and research. It pushed headache into WHO’s field of view, and became an essential part of the platform on which the Global Campaign against Headache has since been built [3-5]. In spite of all this, GBD2000 considerably underreported the disability that migraine imposed on people throughout the world, and gave a very poor account of headache disorders collectively. The evidence was not there. For more than half the world’s population, estimates for migraine were based on very little: data of acceptable quality were not in existence for China, India and most other countries in South East Asia, most of Africa, all of the Eastern Mediterranean and all of eastern Europe [6]. Headache disorders other than migraine did not feature in GBD2000 at all; for these disorders, at that time, dependable evidence was lacking everywhere. Filling this evidence gap has been a priority of the Global Campaign in its first years [7]. As a result, GBD2010 has been much better informed and built on much sounder foundations than its predecessor (we return to this point later). GBD2010 was not a simple update of GBD2000, but a complete rerun: an entirely new world survey. Working with many partners, the Global Campaign against Headache being one, it took from the world literature all the epidemiological evidence pertaining to burdensome diseases, assessed it for quality and derived from it, for each of 21 world regions, best age-related estimates of prevalence. Like GBD2000, it measured burden in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), separated into the two components of YLDs and years of life lost to early mortality (YLLs); for headache, only the former are relevant. New disability weights (DWs) were assigned to each disease: lay descriptions of the various health states that were predictable sequelae of each disease were fed into a web-based worldwide consultation, which conducted an iterative series of comparisons, one health state with another. For migraine and tension-type headache (TTH), descriptions were agreed of average cases and three health states of each: ictal (during attacks), interictal (between attacks), and the health state associated with medication-overuse headache (MOH), which was considered as a potential complication of either. Information from published studies on frequency and duration of migraine or TTH episodes was pooled in order to estimate the average proportions of time (pT) spent in the ictal as opposed to interictal state. MOH was assumed to be continuous (pT=1) when present. YLDs for each of these states were then derived as products of prevalence, pT and DW, and for each disease as the sum of YLDs for each health state. Data were included from 84 studies of migraine in 43 countries in 16 of the 21 world regions, and from 45 studies of TTH in 34 countries in 13 world regions. TTH (estimated global prevalence 20.1%) and migraine (14.7%) ranked respectively as second and third most common diseases in the world (behind dental caries) in both males and females. For migraine, the estimated proportion of time spent in the ictal state was 5.3%, and the DW assigned to migraine episodes was 0.433 (43.3% disability). On the basis of ictal disability alone, migraine was ranked seventh highest among specific causes of disability globally (responsible for 2.9% of all YLDs), and in the top ten causes of disability in 14 of the 21 world regions, showing little evidence of a gradient falling from west to east or of being a disorder preferentially of rich countries. Migraine was, by a wide margin, the leading cause of disability among neurological disorders, accounting for over half of all YLDs attributed to these. For TTH, the estimated proportion of time spent with headache was 2.4%, and the DW assigned to headache episodes was 0.040 (4% disability). TTH accounted for only 0.23% of all YLDs, much less than predicted [6], which undoubtedly was because of the very low DW accorded to the ictal state. Regrettably, GBD2010 is still an incomplete account of the global burden of headache, and it continues to underestimate the disability arising from headache disorders. TTH got in, but MOH, which would probably have added much more substantially to the total YLDs, was excluded late in the survey for reasons not made clear and despite the evidence submitted in support of it. Also at a late-stage, the inclusion of interictal disability was considered inconsistent with measurements made of other chronic episodic conditions, which penalized migraine more than TTH. Even so, this very high-profile survey of the world’s causes of ill health better recognizes headache than anything before, and this is a big step forward. We might be satisfied by this; but rather we should be appalled. GBD measures disease burden as it is – alleviated by whatever treatments are made available. Headache disorders are among the top ten causes of disability because they are common and disabling; that is clear. Headache is one of the most frequent medical complaints: almost everybody has experienced it, at least 10% of adults everywhere are sometimes disabled by it, and up to 3% live with it on more days than not [6]. But for what conceivable reason do headache disorders remain among these ignominious top ten when they are largely treatable? Another recent global survey, conducted collaboratively by WHO and Lifting The Burden, described “worldwide neglect of major causes of public ill-health, and the inadequacies of responses to them in countries throughout the world” [8]. It drew attention to the very large numbers of people disabled by headache who do not receive effective health care. The barriers responsible for this might vary throughout the world, but poor awareness of headache in a context of limited resources generally – and in health care in particular – was constantly among them [8]. The consequences are inevitable: illness that can be relieved is not, and heavy burdens, both individual and societal [9], persist when they can be mitigated. The findings of GBD2010 sadly reflect this. GBD2010 sends out a clarion call, conveying a message of which governments need to take note [3]. Experience suggests this call will need constantly to be re-echoed, but the opportunity to use GBD2010 – for a better future for people with headache – must not be missed. Competing interest The authors served on the Neurologic Disorders Expert Group in Headache for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study (funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation), and are directors and trustees of Lifting The Burden, which conducts the Global Campaign against Headache in official relations with WHO. TJS is honorary Global Campaign Director.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Headache Pain
                J Headache Pain
                The Journal of Headache and Pain
                Springer
                1129-2369
                1129-2377
                2013
                24 December 2013
                : 14
                : 1
                : 101
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Neurology, Urals State Medical University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
                [2 ]Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
                [3 ]Department of Neurology, First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
                [4 ]Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
                Article
                1129-2377-14-101
                10.1186/1129-2377-14-101
                3880007
                24367919
                910d40d1-1107-457d-aa46-566dc4594f60
                Copyright © 2013 Lebedeva et al.; licensee Springer.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 October 2013
                : 11 December 2013
                Categories
                Methodology

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                action research,burden of headache,health care,service delivery and organization,russia,global campaign against headache

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