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      Species richness and composition of snake assemblages in poorly accessible areas in the Brazilian Amazonia Translated title: Riqueza de espécies e composição de assembleias de serpentes em áreas pouco acessíveis na Amazônia Brasileira

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Snakes are a diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates of the order Squamata. Despite that, in the Amazonian biome, information about distribution and identification of snakes is limited when compared to other groups. Additionally, in Amazonia there is a sampling bias towards areas geographically close to urban centers and more densely populated areas. This in turn leads to false distribution gaps in poorly accessible areas of Amazonia. In this article we report the composition of snake assemblages in six areas of the Brazilian Amazonia, based on field sampling conducted over four years using standardized methods. We sampled 70 species from eight families: Typhlopidae (n=1), Leptotyphlopidae (n=1), Anillidae (n=1), Boidae (n=5), Colubridae (n=15), Dipsadidae (n=35), Elapidae (n=7), and Viperidae (n=5). The largest number of species was recorded in the Trombetas River area and the lowest in the Jatapu River area. The total beta diversity was 0.40 and the snake assemblages were structured mainly by replacement (72.5%). The time-limited search was the method that recorded the greatest number of individuals in the studied areas (44.1%) and also the greatest number of species (n=40). However, some species were recorded only by other methods such as interception by pitfall traps with directional fences. Despite the large number of species sampled in the study, no particular area comprised more than 40% of species registered in all the areas, indicating that snakes are poorly detected even with large sampling effort across multiple areas of a species distribution.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: Serpentes compõem um diverso grupo de animais vertebrados terrestres pertencentes à ordem Squamata. Apesar de serem um dos grupos mais diversos do mundo, na Amazônia, as informações acerca da taxonomia e distribuição de serpentes são limitadas quando comparadas com as disponíveis para outros grupos de vertebrados. Além disso, na Amazônia existe um viés de amostragem em áreas geograficamente próximas aos centros urbanos e locais densamente povoados. Isso por sua vez leva a falsas diferenças de distribuição em áreas pouco amostradas. Neste artigo nós apresentamos a composição de assembleias de serpentes em seis áreas na Amazônia brasileira, baseada em amostragens de campo padronizadas e realizadas durante quatro anos. Foram amostradas 70 espécies de oito famílias: Typhlopidae (n=1), Leptotyphlopidae (n=1), Anillidae (n=1), Boidae (n=5), Colubridae (n=15), Dipsadidae (n=35), Elapidae (n=7) e Viperidae (n=5). A maior riqueza foi registrada no Rio Trombetas e a menor no Rio Jatapu. A beta diversidade total foi de 0.40 e a substituição foi a principal força que estruturou as comunidades (72.5%). A Procura Visual Limitada por Tempo foi o método que registrou a maior abundância de serpentes nas áreas amostradas (44.1%) e também a maior riqueza (n=40). Entretanto, algumas espécies foram registradas somente por outros métodos como armadilhas de interceptação e queda. Apesar do grande número de espécies registradas, nenhuma das áreas compreendeu mais de 40% das espécies amostradas em todas as áreas, indicando que as serpentes são pouco detectadas mesmo com grande esforço amostral em diferentes áreas da distribuição das espécies.

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          Most cited references70

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          The Measurement of Species Diversity

          R Peet (1974)
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            Historical Biogeography and Patterns of Differentiation within the South American Avifauna: Areas of Endemism

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              A palaeobiogeographic model for biotic diversification within Amazonia over the past three million years.

              Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain high species diversity in Amazonia, but few generalizations have emerged. In part, this has arisen from the scarcity of rigorous tests for mechanisms promoting speciation, and from major uncertainties about palaeogeographic events and their spatial and temporal associations with diversification. Here, we investigate the environmental history of Amazonia using a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of trumpeters (Aves: Psophia), which are represented by species in each of the vertebrate areas of endemism. Their relationships reveal an unforeseen 'complete' time-slice of Amazonian diversification over the past 3.0 Myr. We employ this temporally calibrated phylogeny to test competing palaeogeographic hypotheses. Our results are consistent with the establishment of the current Amazonian drainage system at approximately 3.0-2.0 Ma and predict the temporal pattern of major river formation over Plio-Pleistocene times. We propose a palaeobiogeographic model for the last 3.0 Myr of Amazonian history that has implications for understanding patterns of endemism, the temporal history of Amazonian diversification and mechanisms promoting speciation. The history of Psophia, in combination with new geological evidence, provides the strongest direct evidence supporting a role for river dynamics in Amazonian diversification, and the absence of such a role for glacial climate cycles and refugia.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bn
                Biota Neotropica
                Biota Neotrop.
                Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                1676-0611
                2020
                : 20
                : 1
                : e20180661
                Affiliations
                [1] Manaus AM orgnameBionorte - Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal Brasil
                [5] Manaus Amazonas orgnameUniversidade Federal do Amazonas orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Biológicas orgdiv2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia Brazil
                [3] Manaus Amazonas orgnameUniversidade Federal do Amazonas orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Biológicas orgdiv2Departamento de Parasitologia Brazil
                [4] Manaus Amazonas orgnameUniversidade Federal do Amazonas orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Biológicas orgdiv2Departamento de Biologia Brazil
                [2] Manaus Amazonas orgnameUniversidade Federal do Amazonas orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Biológicas orgdiv2Departamento de Genética Brazil
                Article
                S1676-06032020000100207 S1676-0603(20)02000100207
                10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018-0661
                9117bfdc-0f6a-4bfa-8adb-92fb06a1d43d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 September 2018
                : 23 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 88, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Article

                Amazon Basin,Brazil,Ophidia,sampling methods,Squamata,Bacia Amazônica,Brasil,métodos de amostragem

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