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      Drug Design, Development and Therapy (submit here)

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      Increased therapeutic efficacy of a newly synthesized tyrosinase inhibitor by solid lipid nanoparticles in the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation

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          Abstract

          Hyperpigmentation caused by melanin overproduction is a major skin disorder in humans. Inhibition of tyrosinase, a key regulator of melanin production, has been used as an effective strategy to treat hyperpigmentation. In this study, we investigated the use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a highly effective and nontoxic means to deliver a newly synthesized potent tyrosinase inhibitor, MHY498, and to target melanocytes through the skin. MHY498-loaded SLNs (MHY-SLNs) were prepared by an oil-in-water emulsion solvent-evaporation method, and their morphological and physicochemical properties were characterized. MHY-SLNs showed a prolonged drug-release profile and higher skin permeation than that of MHY solution. In an in vivo evaluation of antimelanogenic activity, MHY-SLNs showed a prominent inhibitory effect against ultraviolet B-induced melanogenesis, resulting in no change in the skin color of C57BL/6 mouse, compared with that observed in an MHY solution-treated group and an untreated control group. The antimelanogenic effect of MHY-SLNs was further confirmed through Fontana–Masson staining. Importantly, MHY-SLNs did not induce any toxic effects in the L929 cell line. Overall, these data indicate that MHY-SLNs show promise in the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation.

          Most cited references48

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          An Updated Review of Tyrosinase Inhibitors

          Tyrosinase is a multifunctional, glycosylated, and copper-containing oxidase, which catalyzes the first two steps in mammalian melanogenesis and is responsible for enzymatic browning reactions in damaged fruits during post-harvest handling and processing. Neither hyperpigmentation in human skin nor enzymatic browning in fruits are desirable. These phenomena have encouraged researchers to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors for use in foods and cosmetics. This article surveys tyrosinase inhibitors newly discovered from natural and synthetic sources. The inhibitory strength is compared with that of a standard inhibitor, kojic acid, and their inhibitory mechanisms are discussed.
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            Preparation, characterization and in vitro release kinetics of clozapine solid lipid nanoparticles.

            Clozapine, a lipophilic antipsychotic drug, has very poor oral bioavailability (<27%) due to first pass effect. Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) delivery systems of clozapine have been developed using various triglycerides (trimyristin, tripalmitin and tristearin), soylecithin 95%, poloxamer 188 and charge modifier stearylamine. Hot homogenization of melted lipids and aqueous phase followed by ultrasonication at temperature above the melting point of lipid was used to prepare SLN dispersions. Particle size and zeta potential were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) using Malvern Zetasizer. Process and formulation variables have been studied and optimized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies were performed to characterize state of drug and lipid modification. In vitro release studies were performed in 0.1 N HCl, double-distilled water and phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, using modified Franz diffusion cell. Stable SLN formulations of clozapine having mean size range of 60-380 nm and zeta potential range of -23 to +33 mV were developed. More than 90% clozapine was entrapped in SLN. DSC and PXRD analysis showed that clozapine is dispersed in SLN in an amorphous state. The release pattern of drug is analyzed and found to follow Weibull and Higuchi equations.
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              Skin melanin, hemoglobin, and light scattering properties can be quantitatively assessed in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

              Noninvasive and real-time analysis of skin properties is useful in a wide variety of applications. In particular, the quantitative assessment of skin in terms of hemoglobin and melanin content, as well as in terms of its light scattering properties, is a challenging problem in dermatology. We present here a technique for examining human skin, based on the in vivo measurement of diffuse reflectance spectra in the visible and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectra were measured by means of a fiber optic probe, and they were analyzed using an analytical model of light diffusion in the skin. The results of the analysis indicate that it is possible to obtain quantitative information about hemoglobin and melanin content, as well as basic information regarding the scattering properties of the skin.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Dove Medical Press
                1177-8881
                2016
                02 December 2016
                : 10
                : 3947-3957
                Affiliations
                College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Jin-Wook Yoo, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro, 63 Beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea, Tel +82 51 510 2807, Fax +82 51 513 6754, Email jinwook@ 123456pusan.ac.kr
                Article
                dddt-10-3947
                10.2147/DDDT.S123759
                5144896
                9120795c-f7bd-4568-aa60-dda60835a653
                © 2016 Al-Amin et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Original Research

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                melanogenesis,hyperpigmentation,mhy498,solid lipid nanoparticles,skin delivery

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