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      Construcción de un índice de privación a partir de datos censales en grandes ciudades españolas: (Proyecto MEDEA) Translated title: Constructing a deprivation index based on census data in large Spanish cities: (the MEDEA project)

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          Abstract

          Objetivos: a) Describir la metodología seguida en la construcción de un índice de privación por sección censal en ciudades, que permite identificar las secciones con situaciones socioeconómicas más desfavorables, y b) analizar la relación de este índice con la mortalidad general. Métodos: Se elaboraron diversos indicadores socioeconómicos (Censo 2001) correspondientes a las secciones censales de las ciudades de Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Sevilla y Valencia. Se estudiaron sus correlaciones con la razón estandarizada de mortalidad (1996-2003), así como sus dimensiones conceptuales. Finalmente, mediante el análisis de componentes principales, se agregaron en un índice los indicadores seleccionados, usando como valores de peso las saturaciones correspondientes al primer eje. Resultados: Los indicadores que presentaron mayores correlaciones con la mortalidad general fueron los referidos a trabajo, educación, vivienda-entorno y hogares monoparentales. En el análisis dimensional de los indicadores aparece una primera dimensión que contiene los indicadores relativos a trabajo (desempleo, trabajadores manuales y eventuales) y educación (instrucción insuficiente total y en jóvenes). El índice elaborado con estos 5 indicadores recoge, en todas las ciudades estudiadas, más del 75% de la variabilidad de los indicadores que lo componen. Las correlaciones de este índice con la mortalidad muestran, en general, mayores valores que las obtenidas individualmente con cada indicador. Conclusiones: El índice de privación que se propone puede ser un instrumento útil para la planificación sanitaria al detectar áreas pequeñas de grandes ciudades con una situación socioeconómica desfavorable, que se relaciona con la mortalidad, y puede contribuir al estudio de las desigualdades sociales en salud en España.

          Translated abstract

          Objectives: a) To describe the methodology used to construct a deprivation index by census tract in cities, to identify the tracts with the least favorable socioeconomic conditions, and b) to analyze the association between this index and overall mortality. Methods: Several socioeconomic indicators (Census 2001) were defined by the census tracts of the following cities: Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Seville and Valencia. The correlations with the standardized mortality ratio (1996-2003), and the dimensionality of the socioeconomic indicators were studied. Finally, the selected indicators were aggregated in an index, in which the results of the factor loadings from extraction of a factor by principal components were used as weighting values. Results: The indicators with the strongest correlations with overall mortality were those related to work, education, housing conditions and single parent homes. In the analysis of dimensionality, a first dimension appeared that contained indicators related to work (unemployment, manual and eventual workers) and education (insufficient education overall and in young people). In all the cities studied, the index created with these 5 indicators explained more than 75% of their variability. The correlations between this index and mortality generally showed higher values than those obtained with each indicator separately. Conclusions: The deprivation index proposed could be a useful instrument for health planning as it detects small areas of large cities with unfavorable socioeconomic characteristics and is associated with mortality. This index could contribute to the study of social inequalities in health in Spain.

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          Area characteristics and individual-level socioeconomic position indicators in three population-based epidemiologic studies.

          There is growing interest in incorporating area indicators into epidemiologic analyses. Using data from the 1990 U.S. Census linked to individual-level data from three epidemiologic studies, we investigated how different area indicators are interrelated, how measures for different sized areas compare, and the relation between area and individual-level social position indicators. The interrelations between 13 area indicators of wealth/income, education, occupation, and other socioenvironmental characteristics were investigated using correlation coefficients and factor analyses. The extent to which block-group measures provide information distinct from census tract measures was investigated using intraclass correlation coefficients. Loglinear models were used to investigate associations between area and individual-level indicators. Correlations between area measures were generally in the 0.5--0.8 range. In factor analyses, six indicators of income/wealth, education, and occupation loaded on one factor in most geographic sites. Correlations between block-group and census tract measures were high (correlation coefficients 0.85--0.96). Most of the variability in block-group indicators was between census tracts (intraclass correlation coefficients 0.72--0.92). Although individual-level and area indicators were associated, there was evidence of important heterogeneity in area of residence within individual-level income or education categories. The strength of the association between individual and area measures was similar in the three studies and in whites and blacks, but blacks were much more likely to live in more disadvantaged areas than whites. Area measures of wealth/income, education, and occupation are moderately to highly correlated. Differences between using census tract or block-group measures in contextual investigations are likely to be relatively small. Area and individual-level indicators are far from perfectly correlated and provide complementary information on living circumstances. Differences in the residential environments of blacks and whites may need to be taken into account in interpreting race differences in epidemiologic studies.
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              Deprivation indices: their interpretation and use in relation to health.

              To examine the use of deprivation indices in relation to health. This paper reviews selected publications which illustrate the diversity of use of deprivation indices in the past decade. Most of this work is based in the major routine databases which exist in this country: the census, population, mortality, cancer register, and health service records all now incorporate a postcode identifier which permits the derivation of data at small area level, and thus the examination of health events in relation to the characteristics of that area - usually ward or postcode sector. The small area approach provides a valuable tool both in deprivation and in other epidemiological studies which examine the influence of the environment on health. The setting is various journals and official publications. The link between deprivation and health has been clearly demonstrated in a number of studies, with populations living in deprived areas exhibiting levels of mortality, particularly below the age of 65, which vastly exceed those in affluent areas. In the decade 1981-91, these differentials increased in Scotland and the Northern Health Region and inequalities in health are shown to have widened. Analysis shows that particular causes of death and sites of cancer are more likely to reflect the influence of socio-economic factors. The work so far mostly shows the associations between these factors and health measures and more investigation is required into the determinants of health, which are likely to reside as much in past as in current circumstances. A measure of deprivation has proved of value in excluding the likely variation in the incidence of disease in studies directed towards determining the influence of the physical environment on populations living in the vicinity of possible harmful industrial processes. A deprivation measure has been adopted by the Department of Health as a basis for making enhanced payments to general practitioners for patients living in these areas, but the resource allocation formula for allocating funds to regional authorities has failed to incorporate such a measure in the formula. An area measure of deprivation has proved a valuable tool in examining differentials in health and death and is likely to prove of continuing value to health authorities in planning the delivery of health care. Future work should strive to examine the determinants of health as well as the associations, although this is unlikely to be possible through the routine databases which have provided the main basis for analysis so far.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                June 2008
                : 22
                : 3
                : 179-187
                Affiliations
                [08] orgnameCIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP))
                [05] Madrid orgnameInstituto de Salud Carlos III orgdiv1Centro Nacional de Epidemiología orgdiv2Área de Epidemiología Ambiental y Cáncer España
                [03] Vitoria orgnameComunidad Autónoma del País Vasco orgdiv1Departamento de Sanidad España
                [04] Alicante orgnameUniversidad de Alicante orgdiv1Departamento de Enfermería Comunitaria, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia orgdiv2Unidad de Investigación de Análisis de la Mortalidad y Estadísticas Sanitarias España
                [06] Girona orgnameUniversitat de Girona orgdiv1Grup de Recerca en Estadística, Economia Aplicada i Salut (GRECS) España
                [02] Barcelona orgnameAgència de Salut Pública de Barcelona España
                [01] Madrid orgnameComunidad de Madrid orgdiv1Consejería de Sanidad orgdiv2Dirección General de Salud Pública y Alimentación España
                [07] Cádiz orgnameHospital Universitario Puerta del Mar orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública España
                Article
                S0213-91112008000300002 S0213-9111(08)02200300002
                10.1157/13123961
                18579042
                9137e299-d84d-44bc-9dd2-60a42db977e4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 April 2007
                : 04 December 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Categories
                Originales

                Indicadores socioeconómicos.,Áreas pequeñas,Mortality,Censo,Urban,Socio-economic indicators,Health inequalities,Census,Desigualdades en salud,Small areas,Urbano,Mortalidad

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