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      Association of plasma PCB levels and HbA1c concentration in Iran

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          Abstract

          Background

          The rapid increase in prevalence of diabetes mellitus over the last decades warrants more attention to the effects of environmental and occupational exposures on glucose metabolism. Our study aimed to assess the association between the plasma levels of various congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the serum concentration of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c).

          Methods

          Our study population consisted of 140 Iranian adults from seven different occupational groups and a group of non-occupationally exposed female participants. The plasma concentration of PCBs were determined at the laboratory of occupational toxicology at RWTH Aachen University, Germany. We considered an HbA1c concentration of 5.7% and more as indicating a disturbed glucose metabolism. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between quartiles of concentrations of PCB congeners and serum HbA1c.

          Results

          Participants with an increased HbA1c value had higher plasma levels of PCB 138, 153, 180 and the PCB sum, although this association was statistically not significant. There was no significant difference between the levels of PCB 138, 153, 180, the sum of these congeners, and PCB 118 in their quartiles when comparing with HbA1c concentrations.

          Conclusions

          For our cohort, we could not demonstrate a significant association between PCB and HbA1c concentrations indicating a disturbance of glucose metabolism.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12995-018-0199-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references23

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          Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption.

          Cristina Casals-Casas, Beatrice Desvergne (2011)
          Synthetic chemicals currently used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications are leading to widespread contamination of the environment. Even though the intended uses of pesticides, plasticizers, antimicrobials, and flame retardants are beneficial, effects on human health are a global concern. These so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormonal balance and result in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. New in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies link human EDC exposure with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the main chemical compounds that may contribute to metabolic disruption. We then present their demonstrated or suggested mechanisms of action with respect to nuclear receptor signaling. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of fairly assessing the risks linked to EDC exposure, including developmental exposure, problems of high- and low-dose exposure, and the complexity of current chemical environments.
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            Large effects from small exposures. I. Mechanisms for endocrine-disrupting chemicals with estrogenic activity.

            Wade Welshons, Kristina Thayer, Barbara M. Judy … (2003)
            Information concerning the fundamental mechanisms of action of both natural and environmental hormones, combined with information concerning endogenous hormone concentrations, reveals how endocrine-disrupting chemicals with estrogenic activity (EEDCs) can be active at concentrations far below those currently being tested in toxicological studies. Using only very high doses in toxicological studies of EEDCs thus can dramatically underestimate bioactivity. Specifically: a) The hormonal action mechanisms and the physiology of delivery of EEDCs predict with accuracy the low-dose ranges of biological activity, which have been missed by traditional toxicological testing. b) Toxicology assumes that it is valid to extrapolate linearly from high doses over a very wide dose range to predict responses at doses within the physiological range of receptor occupancy for an EEDC; however, because receptor-mediated responses saturate, this assumption is invalid. c) Furthermore, receptor-mediated responses can first increase and then decrease as dose increases, contradicting the assumption that dose-response relationships are monotonic. d) Exogenous estrogens modulate a system that is physiologically active and thus is already above threshold, contradicting the traditional toxicological assumption of thresholds for endocrine responses to EEDCs. These four fundamental issues are problematic for risk assessment methods used by regulatory agencies, because they challenge the traditional use of extrapolation from high-dose testing to predict responses at the much lower environmentally relevant doses. These doses are within the range of current exposures to numerous chemicals in wildlife and humans. These problems are exacerbated by the fact that the type of positive and negative controls appropriate to the study of endocrine responses are not part of traditional toxicological testing and are frequently omitted, or when present, have been misinterpreted.
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              A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999-2002.

              Michael Steffes, William Toscano, David R Jacobs … (2006)
              Low-level exposure to some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has recently become a focus because of their possible link with the risk of diabetes. Cross-sectional associations of the serum concentrations of POPs with diabetes prevalence were investigated in 2,016 adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Six POPs (2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, oxychlordane, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and trans-nonachlor) were selected, because they were detectable in >or=80% of participants. Compared with subjects with serum concentrations below the limit of detection, after adjustment for age, sex, race and ethnicity, poverty income ratio, BMI, and waist circumference, diabetes prevalence was strongly positively associated with lipid-adjusted serum concentrations of all six POPs. When the participants were classified according to the sum of category numbers of the six POPs, adjusted odds ratios were 1.0, 14.0, 14.7, 38.3, and 37.7 (P for trend < 0.001). The association was consistent in stratified analyses and stronger in younger participants, Mexican Americans, and obese individuals. There were striking dose-response relations between serum concentrations of six selected POPs and the prevalence of diabetes. The strong graded association could offer a compelling challenge to future epidemiologic and toxicological research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sahar Eftekhari: S_eftekhari@tums.ac.ir
                Omid Aminian: oaminian@tums.ac.ir
                Zeinab Moinfar: Z-moinfar@tums.ac.ir
                Thomas Schettgen: +49 (0)241 80 88 285 , tschettgen@ukaachen.de
                Andrea Kaifie: +49 (0)241 80 35 345 , akaifie@ukaachen.de
                Michael Felten: +49 (0)241 80 35 345 , mfelten@ukaachen.de
                Thomas Kraus: +49 (0)241 80 88 881 , tkraus@ukaachen.de
                André Esser: +49 (0)241 80 37 712 , anesser@ukaachen.de
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Occup Med Toxicol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Occup Med Toxicol
                Title: Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (London, England)
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1745-6673
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 May 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 31 May 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 13
                Electronic Location Identifier: 18
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0728 696X, GRID grid.1957.a, Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, , University Hospital Aachen, RWTH University Aachen, ; Pauwelsstr 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, GRID grid.411705.6, School of Medicine- International Campus, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), ; Tehran, Iran
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, GRID grid.411705.6, Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), ; Tehran, Iran
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, GRID grid.411705.6, Community and Preventive Medicine Department, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), ; Tehran, Iran
                Article
                Publisher ID: 199
                DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0199-4
                PMC ID: 5984357
                PubMed ID: 29321805
                SO-VID: 9142f521-1544-426e-8f24-0359ce427804
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2018
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 18 December 2017
                Date accepted : 15 May 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Occupational & Environmental medicine
                Keywords: pcb,hba1c,glucose disturbance polychlorinated biphenyls; diabetes mellitus
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Occupational & Environmental medicine
                Keywords: pcb, hba1c, glucose disturbance polychlorinated biphenyls; diabetes mellitus

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