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      Follicular Fluid Levels of Adrenomedullin 2, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and its Soluble Receptors Are Associated with Ovarian Response During ART Cycles Translated title: Follikelflüssigkeitsspiegel von Adrenomedullin 2, vaskulärem endothelialen Wachstumsfaktor und dessen lösliche Rezeptoren beeinflussen ovarielle Reaktion während ART-Zyklen

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          Abstract

          Introduction Adrenomedullin 2 (ADM2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) affect ovarian function, especially angiogenesis and follicular development. The actions of VEGF can be antagonized by its soluble receptors, soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble VEGF receptor 2 (sVEGFR-2), as they decrease its free form. In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between follicular fluid (FF) levels of AMD2, VEGF and its soluble receptors, and ICSI outcomes.

          Materials and Methods ICSI cycle outcomes were evaluated and FF levels of VEGF, sFlt-1, sVEGFR-2 and ADM2 were determined using ELISA kits.

          Results FF levels of ADM2, VEGF, and sVEGFR-2 were significantly higher in non-responders compared to other ovarian response groups (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations between ADM2, VEGF and sVEGFR-2 levels as well as VEGF/sFlt-1 and VEGF/sVEGFR-2 ratios (r = 0.586, 0.482, 0.260, and − 0.366, respectively). Based on the ROC curve, the cutoff value for ADM2 as a non-responder predictor was 348.55 (pg/ml) with a sensitivity of 67.7% and a specificity of 94.6%.

          Conclusions For the first time we measured FF ADM2 levels to determine the relationship to VEGF and its soluble receptors. We suggest that ADM2 could be a potential predictive marker for non-responders. Although the exact function of ADM2 in ovarian angiogenesis is not yet understood, our study may shed light on the possible role of ADM2 in folliculogenesis and ovulation.

          Zusammenfassung

          Einleitung Adrenomedullin 2 (ADM2) und der vaskuläre endotheliale Wachstumsfaktor (VEGF) wirken sich auf die ovarielle Funktion aus, insbesondere auf Angiogenese und Follikelentwicklung. Die Wirkung von VEGF kann durch seine löslichen Rezeptoren (den löslichen Fms-ähnlichen Tyrosinkinase-1 [sFlt-1] und den löslichen VEGF-Rezeptor 2 [sVEGFR-2]) antagonisiert werden, da diese Rezeptoren die freie Form von VEGF reduzieren. In dieser Studie haben wir den Zusammenhang zwischen den Follikelflüssigkeitsspiegeln von AMD2, VEGF und dessen löslichen Rezeptoren und dem Outcome nach ICSI untersucht.

          Material und Methoden Das Outcome nach ICSI-Zyklen wurde evaluiert und die Follikelflüssigkeitsspiegel von VEGF, sFlt-1, sVEGFR-2 und ADM2 wurden mithilfe von ELISA Kits bestimmt.

          Ergebnisse Die ADM2-, VEGF- und sVEGFR-2-Spiegel in der FF waren signifikant höher in der Gruppe von Frauen ohne ovarielle Reaktion verglichen mit anderen Gruppen mit ovarieller Reaktion (p < 0,05). Signifikante Korrelationen wurden zwischen den ADM2-, VEGF- und sVEGFR-2-Spiegeln sowie den VEGF/sFlt-1- und VEGF/sVEGFR-2-Quotienten festgestellt (r = 0,586, 0,482, 0,260 bzw. − 0,366). Gemäß der ROC-Kurve betrug der Cut-off-Wert für ADM2 als Prädiktor für keine ovarielle Reaktion 348,55 (pg/ml) mit einer Sensitivität von 67,7% und einer Spezifität von 94,6%.

          Schlussfolgerungen Wir haben zum ersten Mal die Follikelflüssigkeitsspiegel von ADM2 gemessen und diese Werte mit den Werten von VEGF sowie dessen lösliche Rezeptoren in Beziehung gesetzt. Wir weisen darauf hin, dass ADM2 potenziell ein prädiktiver Marker für das Fehlen einer ovariellen Reaktion sein könnte. Obwohl die genaue Funktion von ADM2 bei der ovariellen Angiogenese noch nicht vollständig geklärt ist, konnte unsere Studie etwas Licht auf auf die möglichen Rollen von ADM2 bei der Follikulogenese und der Ovulation werfen.

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          Most cited references39

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          Update on the pharmacology of calcitonin/CGRP family of peptides: IUPHAR Review 25.

          The calcitonin/CGRP family of peptides includes calcitonin, α and β CGRP, amylin, adrenomedullin (AM) and adrenomedullin 2/intermedin (AM2/IMD). Their receptors consist of one of two GPCRs, the calcitonin receptor (CTR) or the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR). Further diversity arises from heterodimerization of these GPCRs with one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). This gives the CGRP receptor (CLR/RAMP1), the AM1and AM2receptors (CLR/RAMP2 or RAMP3) and the AMY1,AMY2and AMY3receptors (CTR/RAMPs1-3 complexes, respectively). Apart from the CGRP receptor, there are only peptide antagonists widely available for these receptors, and these have limited selectivity, thus defining the function of each receptor in vivo remains challenging. Further challenges arise from the probable co-expression of CTR with the CTR/RAMP complexes and species-dependent splice variants of the CTR (CT(a)and CT(b)). Furthermore, the AMY1(a)receptor is activated equally well by both amylin and CGRP, and the preferred receptor for AM2/IMD has been unclear. However, there are clear therapeutic rationales for developing agents against the various receptors for these peptides. For example, many agents targeting the CGRP system are in clinical trials, and pramlintide, an amylin analogue, is an approved therapy for insulin-requiring diabetes. This review provides an update on the pharmacology of the calcitonin family of peptides by members of the corresponding subcommittee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and colleagues.
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            Angiogenesis and vascular function in the ovary.

            Ovarian function is dependent on the establishment and continual remodelling of a complex vascular system. This enables the follicle and/or corpus luteum (CL) to receive the required supply of nutrients, oxygen and hormonal support as well as facilitating the release of steroids. Moreover, the inhibition of angiogenesis results in the attenuation of follicular growth, disruption of ovulation and drastic effects on the development and function of the CL. It appears that the production and action of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is necessary at all these stages of development. However, the expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in the cow is more dynamic than that of VEGFA with a dramatic upregulation during the follicular-luteal transition. This upregulation is then likely to initiate intense angiogenesis in the presence of high VEGFA levels. Recently, we have developed a novel ovarian physiological angiogenesis culture system in which highly organised and intricate endothelial cell networks are formed. This system will enable us to elucidate the complex inter-play between FGF2 and VEGFA as well as other angiogenic factors in the regulation of luteal angiogenesis. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that pericytes might play an active role in driving angiogenesis and highlights the importance of pericyte-endothelial interactions in this process. Finally, the targeted promotion of angiogenesis may lead to the development of novel strategies to alleviate luteal inadequacy and infertility.
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              Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis as mechanisms of vascular network formation, growth and remodeling.

              S Patan (2001)
              Two distinct mechanisms, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis implement the formation of the vascular network in the embryo. Vasculogenesis gives rise to the heart and the first primitive vascular plexus inside the embryo and in its surrounding membranes, as the yolk sac circulation. Angiogenesis is responsible for the remodeling and expansion of this network. While vasculogenesis refers to in situ differentiation and growth of blood vessels from mesodermal derived hemangioblasts, angiogenesis comprises two different mechanisms: endothelial sprouting and intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG). The sprouting process is based on endothelial cell migration, proliferation and tube formation. IMG divides existing vessel lumens by formation and insertion of tissue folds and columns of interstitial tissue into the vessel lumen. The latter are termed interstitial or inter-vascular tissue structures (ITSs) and tissue pillars or posts. Intussusception also includes the establishment of new vessels by in situ loop formation in the wall of large veins. The molecular regulation of these distinct mechanisms is discussed in respect to the most important positive regulators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors flk-1 (KDR) and flt-1, the Angiopoietin/tie system and the ephrin-B/EpH-B system. The cellular mechanisms and the molecular regulation of angiogenesis in the pathological state are summarized and the differences of physiological and pathological angiogenesis elaborated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd
                Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd
                10.1055/s-00000020
                Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
                Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Stuttgart · New York )
                0016-5751
                1438-8804
                January 2019
                17 January 2019
                : 79
                : 1
                : 86-93
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Womenʼs Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                [2 ]Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                [3 ]Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                [4 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
                Author notes
                Correspondence Amir Fattahi Department of Reproductive Biology Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Golgasht StreetTabriz, postal code 5166/15731Iran amirfattahi@ 123456gmail.com
                 
                Mohammad Nouri Department of Reproductive Biology Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Golgasht StreetTabriz, postal code 5166/15731Iran nourimd@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                7644765
                10.1055/a-0764-4765
                6336467
                30686838
                914df588-3e49-436b-ba33-b985e8a219e8

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 13 July 2018
                : 08 October 2018
                : 18 October 2018
                Categories
                GebFra Science
                Original Article

                adrenomedullin 2,vascular endothelial growth factor,sflt-1,follicular fluid,icsi,vaskulärer endothelialer wachstumsfaktor,follikelflüssigkeit

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