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      Emerging Issues in Public Health Genomics

      1 , 2 , 3
      Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
      Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          This review highlights emerging areas of interest in public health genomics. First, we describe recent advances in newborn screening (NBS), with a focus on the practice and policy implications of current and future efforts to expand NBS programs (e.g., via next-generation sequencing). Next, we detail research findings from the rapidly progressing field of epigenetics and epigenomics, highlighting ways in which our emerging understanding in these areas could guide future intervention and research efforts in public health. We close by considering various ethical, legal, and social issues posed by recent developments in public health genomics; these include policies to regulate access to personal genomic information, the need to enhance genetic literacy in both health professionals and the public, and challenges in ensuring that the benefits (and burdens) of genomic discoveries and applications are equitably distributed. We also note needs for future genomic research that integrates across basic and social sciences.

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          Most cited references84

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          Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges.

          The past year has witnessed substantial advances in understanding the genetic basis of many common phenotypes of biomedical importance. These advances have been the result of systematic, well-powered, genome-wide surveys exploring the relationships between common sequence variation and disease predisposition. This approach has revealed over 50 disease-susceptibility loci and has provided insights into the allelic architecture of multifactorial traits. At the same time, much has been learned about the successful prosecution of association studies on such a scale. This Review highlights the knowledge gained, defines areas of emerging consensus, and describes the challenges that remain as researchers seek to obtain more complete descriptions of the susceptibility architecture of biomedical traits of interest and to translate the information gathered into improvements in clinical management.
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            Principles and challenges of genomewide DNA methylation analysis.

            Methylation of cytosine bases in DNA provides a layer of epigenetic control in many eukaryotes that has important implications for normal biology and disease. Therefore, profiling DNA methylation across the genome is vital to understanding the influence of epigenetics. There has been a revolution in DNA methylation analysis technology over the past decade: analyses that previously were restricted to specific loci can now be performed on a genome-scale and entire methylomes can be characterized at single-base-pair resolution. However, there is such a diversity of DNA methylation profiling techniques that it can be challenging to select one. This Review discusses the different approaches and their relative merits and introduces considerations for data analysis.
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              Epigenetic reprogramming in mouse primordial germ cells.

              Genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian germ cells, zygote and early embryos, plays a crucial role in regulating genome functions at critical stages of development. We show here that mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) exhibit dynamic changes in epigenetic modifications between days 10.5 and 12.5 post coitum (dpc). First, contrary to previous suggestions, we show that PGCs do indeed acquire genome-wide de novo methylation during early development and migration into the genital ridge. However, following their entry into the genital ridge, there is rapid erasure of DNA methylation of regions within imprinted and non-imprinted loci. For most genes, the erasure commences simultaneously in PGCs in both male and female embryos, which is completed within 1 day of development. Based on the kinetics of this process, we suggest that this is an active demethylation process initiated upon the entry of PGCs into the gonadal anlagen. The timing of reprogramming in PGCs is crucial since it ensures that germ cells of both sexes acquire an equivalent epigenetic state prior to the differentiation of the definitive male and female germ cells in which new parental imprints are established subsequently. Some repetitive elements, however, show incomplete erasure, which may be essential for chromosome stability and for preventing activation of transposons to reduce the risk of germline mutations. Aberrant epigenetic reprogramming in the germ line would cause the inheritance of epimutations that may have consequences for human diseases as suggested by studies on mouse models. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
                Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet.
                Annual Reviews
                1527-8204
                1545-293X
                August 31 2014
                August 31 2014
                : 15
                : 1
                : 461-480
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Health Behavior and Health Education and
                [2 ]Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; email:
                [3 ]Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
                Article
                10.1146/annurev-genom-090413-025514
                4229014
                25184533
                918175e4-7ffc-47ce-a46d-a08fe2783ee1
                © 2014
                History

                Molecular medicine,Biomedical engineering,Bioinformatics & Computational biology,Biotechnology,Genetics,Public health

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