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      Riesgo ecológico para desarrollar Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: derivación de una teoría de rango medio Translated title: Ecological risk to develop Diabetes Mellitus type 2: derivation of a mid-range theory

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: Describir la teoría de rango medio (TRM) "Riesgo ecológico para desarrollar Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2". Metodología: Se aplicó la estrategia "derivación teórica" por Walker y Avant a partir del Modelo Ecológico para la Promoción de la Salud. Resultados: La teoría explica los factores individuales y del entorno involucrados en el riesgo de desarrollar Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Conclusión: Existen en la literatura factores más allá del ámbito individual que influyen en las conductas de riesgo para desarrollar DMT2. Estos factores se pueden estructurar por medio del desarrollo de una TRM para facilitar la comprensión teórica del fenómeno. En este caso, la TRM se derivó del Modelo Ecológico para la Promoción de la Salud y permitió abordar el riesgo de desarrollar DMT2 desde una perspectiva ecológica.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Aim: To describe the theory of mid-range (TRM) "Ecological risk to develop Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus". Methodology: The "theoretical derivation" strategy proposed by Walker y Avant was applied starting from the Ecological Model for the Promotion of Health. Results: The theory explains the individual and environmental factors involved in the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2). Conclusion: There are factors in the literature beyond the individual scope that influence risk behaviors to develop DMT2. These factors can be structured through the development of a TRM to facilitate the theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. In this case, the TRM was derived from the Ecological Model for Health Promotion and allowed addressing the risk of developing DMT2 from an ecological perspective.

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          Most cited references25

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          An Inverse Relationship Between Age of Type 2 Diabetes Onset and Complication Risk and Mortality: The Impact of Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes.

          This study compared the prevalence of complications in 354 patients with T2DM diagnosed between 15 and 30 years of age (T2DM15-30) with that in a duration-matched cohort of 1,062 patients diagnosed between 40 and 50 years (T2DM40-50). It also examined standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) according to diabetes age of onset in 15,238 patients covering a wider age-of-onset range.
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            Lifetime direct medical costs of treating type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications.

            Lifetime direct medical cost of treating type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications in the U.S. is unknown. This study provides nationally representative estimates of lifetime direct medical costs of treating type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications in people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, by gender and by age at diagnosis. A type 2 diabetes simulation model was used to simulate the disease progression and direct medical costs among a cohort of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. The study sample used for the simulation was based on data from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. The costs of treating type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications were derived from published literature. Annual medical costs were accumulated over the life span of type 2 diabetes to determine the lifetime medical costs. All costs were calculated from a healthcare system perspective, and expressed in 2012 dollars. In men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at ages 25-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-64 years, and ≥ 65 years, the lifetime direct medical costs of treating type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications were $124,700, $106,200, $84,000, and $54,700, respectively. In women, the costs were $130,800, $110,400, $85,500, and $56,600, respectively. The age-gender weighted average of the lifetime medical costs was $85,200, of which 53% was due to treating diabetic complications. The cost of managing macrovascular complications accounted for 57% of the total complication cost. Over the lifetime, type 2 diabetes imposes a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems. Effective interventions that prevent or delay type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications might result in substantial long-term savings in healthcare costs. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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              Efficacy of lifestyle interventions in reducing diabetes incidence in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

              Every year over 3.8 million people are dying of diabetes and its complications. Lifestyle intervention was suggested to have beneficial effects in preventing and reducing diabetes incidence. Interventions in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), who belong to a high risk group in developing diabetes, are supposed to be especially effective. According to the evidence hierarchy, a 1a level of evidence is missing and therefore a systematic review verifying the efficacy of lifestyle intervention is needed. Systematic review: The electronic database PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Health Technology Assessment database were searched. Main inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials, impaired glucose tolerance, lifestyle intervention with control group and observation time >6 months. Outcome measures were all diabetes events, as defined by the authors of each study, all-cause mortality, diabetes mortality, and quality adjusted life years (QALY). Two independent reviewers abstracted the studies by title, abstract and full-text analysis. Furthermore the reporting quality of each study was assessed by using the CONSORT criteria (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) and the methodological quality by SIGN 50 instrument (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodology checklist for randomized controlled trials). The primary outcome measure was diabetes incidence. Secondary outcome measures were overall mortality, disease-specific mortality, quality adjusted life years (QALY), and clinical parameters; body mass index (BMI), weight change, blood pressure, blood parameter, smoking, alcohol consumption. 7 trials which included 25 relevant publications were identified. Kappa Cohens for title-analysis were К=0.77, (CI=0.71-0.83), abstract-analysis К=0.81 (CI=0.64-0.92) and full-text analysis К=0.78 (CI=0.57-0.98). Overall 5663 patients were analyzed with primary follow-up time: India (3y), Japan (4y), Sweden (5y), Da Qing (6y), SIM (3y), DPP (5y), DPS (4y) and drop-out rate ranges from 5% to 28%. Diabetes incidence ranges from 3% to 46% in the intervention group and 9.3% to 67.7% in the control group. The India study reported ARR=16%, RRR=29% (p=0.018), Japan: ARR=6.3%, RRR=65% (p<0.001), Sweden: ARR=4%, RRR=25% (p=not significant), Da Qing: ARR=22%, RRR=32% (p<0.05), SLIM: ARR=20%, RRR=53% (p=0.025), DPP: ARR=15%, RRR=58% (significant, no p-value reported), and DPS: ARR=12%, RRR=52% (significant, no p-value reported). Mortality and morbidity were only analyzed in Da Qing study which showed no statistical differences (overall mortality: HRR 0.96, CI 0.65-1.41, CVD-mortality: HRR 0.83; CI 0.48-1.40, CVD event: HRR 0.98; CI 0.71-1.37). Under consideration of heterogeneity in lifestyle interventions and follow up time of the included studies, this systematic review illustrated that lifestyle intervention can have a beneficial effect on the incidence of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. However, several studies found the effect of lifestyle intervention decreased after intervention was terminated. No long-term benefit in mortality and morbidity was found. Development of standardized lifestyle intervention program is strongly needed and further long-term intervention trials using this program are crucial in evidencing the long-term efficacy. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                index
                Index de Enfermería
                Index Enferm
                Fundación Index (Granada, Granada, Spain )
                1132-1296
                1699-5988
                December 2019
                : 28
                : 4
                : 199-203
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León orgdiv1Facultad de Enfermería Mexico
                Article
                S1132-12962019000300008 S1132-1296(19)02800400008
                91825fd9-aef1-4def-a9a2-1eedbd38644d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 April 2019
                : 16 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Teorizaciones

                Teoría,Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2,Riesgo,Nursing,Theory,Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,Risk,Enfermería

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