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      Vitamin D deficiency in adolescents with obesity — Altered metabolism or environmental factors? Translated title: Deficiencia de vitamina D en adolescentes con obesidad: ¿alteración metabólica o factores ambientales?

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: obesity childhood is related to vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study was to compare vitamin D status between adolescents with obesity living in an urban area and in a rural area. We hypothesized that environmental factors would be decisive in reducing the body content of vitamin D in patients with obesity. Methods: a cross-sectional clinical and analytical study (calcium, phosphorus, calcidiol and parathyroid hormone) was carried out in a group of 259 adolescents with obesity (BMI-SDS > 2.0), 249 adolescents with severe obesity (BMI-SDS > 3.0) and 251 healthy adolescents. The place of residence was categorized as urban or rural. Vitamin D status was defined according to the US Endocrine Society criteria. Results: vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in severe obesity (55 %) and obesity groups (37.1 %) than in the control group (14 %). Vitamin D deficiency was more frequent in severe obesity (67.2 %) and obesity groups (51.2 %) living in urban areas than in those living in rural areas (41.5 % and 23.9 %, respectively). The patients with obesity living in urban residence did not present significant seasonal variations in vitamin D deficiency in contrast to those patients with obesity living in rural residence. Conclusions: the most probable mechanism for vitamin D deficiency in adolescents with obesity, rather than altered metabolic is the environmental factors (sedentary lifestyle and lack of adequate sunlight exposure).

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la obesidad está relacionada con la deficiencia de vitamina D. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el estado de vitamina D entre adolescentes con obesidad con residencia urbana y rural. Se hipotetiza que los factores ambientales serían determinantes en la reducción del contenido corporal de vitamina D en pacientes con obesidad. Métodos: estudio transversal clínico y analítico (calcio, fósforo, calcidiol y PTH) en un grupo de 259 adolescentes con obesidad (IMC-SDS > 2,0), 249 adolescentes con obesidad severa (IMC-SDS > 3,0) y 251 adolescentes sanos. El estado de vitamina D se definió de acuerdo con los criterios de la Sociedad Americana de Endocrinología. Resultados: la deficiencia de vitamina D fue superior (p < 0,05) en los grupos de obesidad severa (55 %) y obesidad (37,1 %) respecto al grupo de control (14 %). La prevalencia de deficiencia de vitamina D fue superior (p < 0,05) en los grupos de obesidad severa (67,2 %) y obesidad (51,2 %) con residencia urbana respecto a los que vivían en áreas rurales (41,5 % y 23,9 %, respectivamente). Los pacientes con obesidad y obesidad severa con residencia urbana no presentaban variaciones estacionales en la deficiencia de vitamina D en contraste con los pacientes con residencia rural. Conclusiones: el mecanismo más probable para la deficiencia de vitamina D en adolescentes con obesidad, más que alteraciones metabólicas, serían los factores ambientales (sedentarismo y falta de exposición solar adecuada).

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          Most cited references30

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          Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.

          The objective was to provide guidelines to clinicians for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency with an emphasis on the care of patients who are at risk for deficiency. The Task Force was composed of a Chair, six additional experts, and a methodologist. The Task Force received no corporate funding or remuneration. Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence and discussions during several conference calls and e-mail communications. The draft prepared by the Task Force was reviewed successively by The Endocrine Society's Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee, Clinical Affairs Core Committee, and cosponsoring associations, and it was posted on The Endocrine Society web site for member review. At each stage of review, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated needed changes. Considering that vitamin D deficiency is very common in all age groups and that few foods contain vitamin D, the Task Force recommended supplementation at suggested daily intake and tolerable upper limit levels, depending on age and clinical circumstances. The Task Force also suggested the measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level by a reliable assay as the initial diagnostic test in patients at risk for deficiency. Treatment with either vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3) was recommended for deficient patients. At the present time, there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening individuals who are not at risk for deficiency or to prescribe vitamin D to attain the noncalcemic benefit for cardiovascular protection.
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            The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action

            Background In recent decades, the prevalence of obesity in children has increased dramatically. This worldwide epidemic has important consequences, including psychiatric, psychological and psychosocial disorders in childhood and increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) later in life. Treatment of obesity is difficult and children with excess weight are likely to become adults with obesity. These trends have led member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) to endorse a target of no increase in obesity in childhood by 2025. Main body Estimates of overweight in children aged under 5 years are available jointly from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), WHO and the World Bank. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) has published country-level estimates of obesity in children aged 2–4 years. For children aged 5–19 years, obesity estimates are available from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. The global prevalence of overweight in children aged 5 years or under has increased modestly, but with heterogeneous trends in low and middle-income regions, while the prevalence of obesity in children aged 2–4 years has increased moderately. In 1975, obesity in children aged 5–19 years was relatively rare, but was much more common in 2016. Conclusions It is recognised that the key drivers of this epidemic form an obesogenic environment, which includes changing food systems and reduced physical activity. Although cost-effective interventions such as WHO ‘best buys’ have been identified, political will and implementation have so far been limited. There is therefore a need to implement effective programmes and policies in multiple sectors to address overnutrition, undernutrition, mobility and physical activity. To be successful, the obesity epidemic must be a political priority, with these issues addressed both locally and globally. Work by governments, civil society, private corporations and other key stakeholders must be coordinated.
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              Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity.

              Obesity is associated with vitamin D insufficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. This study assessed whether obesity alters the cutaneous production of vitamin D(3) (cholecalciferol) or the intestinal absorption of vitamin D(2) (ergocalciferol). Healthy, white, obese [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) > or = 30] and matched lean control subjects (BMI
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                October 2023
                : 40
                : 5
                : 942-948
                Affiliations
                [3] Pamplona orgnameNavarrabiomed (Biomedical Research Center) Spain
                [2] Pamplona orgnameComplejo Hospitalario de Navarra orgdiv1Department of Pediatrics Spain
                [1] Pamplona Navarra orgnameUniversidad de Navarra orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Department of Pediatrics Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112023000600006 S0212-1611(23)04000500006
                10.20960/nh.04460
                919f0ee2-44e1-4aa3-9211-1faf285e503d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 September 2022
                : 15 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Paper

                Área rural,Hormona paratiroidea,Obesidad,Calcidiol,Adolescentes,Vitamin D,Urban areas,Rural areas,Parathyroid hormone,Obesity,Adolescents,Vitamina D,Área urbana

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