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      What is the significance of the conjunctiva as a potential transmission route for SARS-CoV-2 infections? Translated title: Welche Bedeutung hat die Bindehaut als möglicher Übertragungsweg für eine SARS-CoV-2-Infektion?

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          Abstract

          Recent studies have described conjunctivitis in approximately 1% of COVID-19 patients and speculated that SARS-CoV‑2 can be transmitted via the conjunctiva. In this article we recapitulate the molecular mechanisms of host cell entry of SARS-CoV‑2 and discuss the current evidence for a potential conjunctival transmission of SARS-CoV‑2. The current body of evidence indicates that SARS-CoV‑2 requires the membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the membrane-bound serine protease TMPRSS2 to enter cells. Recent studies suggest that COVID-19 patients rarely exhibit viral RNA in tear film and conjunctival smears and that, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are only expressed in small amounts in the conjunctiva, making conjunctival infection with SARS-CoV‑2 via these mediators unlikely. Nevertheless, we consider the current evidence to be still too limited to provide a conclusive statement and recommend appropriate protective measures for healthcare personnel who are in close contact with suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients.

          Translated abstract

          Aktuelle Studien haben bei ca. 1 % aller COVID-19-Patienten eine Bindehautentzündung beschrieben und spekuliert, dass SARS-CoV‑2 über die Bindehaut übertragen werden kann. In der vorliegenden Arbeit rekapitulieren wir die molekularen Mechanismen des Eintritts von SARS-CoV‑2 in die Wirtszelle und diskutieren die aktuelle Studienlage zu einer möglichen konjunktivalen Transmission. Derzeit geht man davon aus, dass SARS-CoV‑2 das membrangebundene Angiotensin-konvertierende Enzym 2 (ACE2) sowie die Membran-gebundene Serinprotease TMPRSS2 benötigt, um in die Wirtszelle einzudringen. Aktuelle Studien weisen darauf hin, dass COVID-19-Patienten nur selten Virus-RNA im Tränenfilm und Bindehautabstrichen aufweisen und dass ACE2 und TMPRSS2 in der Bindehaut nur in sehr geringen Mengen gebildet werden, was eine konjunktivale Infektion durch SARS-CoV‑2 über diese Mediatoren wenig wahrscheinlich macht. Dennoch halten wir die derzeitige Studienlage für zu begrenzt, um eine abschließende Aussage treffen zu können, und empfehlen konsequente und adäquate Schutzmaßnahmen für medizinisches Personal, das in engem Kontakt mit verdächtigen und bestätigten COVID-19-Patienten steht.

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          Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

          Abstract Background Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients. Methods We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. Results The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission. Conclusions During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.)
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            Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection

            It has been known that, the novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, which is considered similar to SARS-CoV and originated from Wuhan (China), invades human cells via the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2). Moreover, lung cells that have ACE2 expression may be the main target cells during 2019-nCoV infection. However, some patients also exhibit non-respiratory symptoms, such as kidney failure, implying that 2019-nCoV could also invade other organs. To construct a risk map of different human organs, we analyzed the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets derived from major human physiological systems, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems. Through scRNA-seq data analyses, we identified the organs at risk, such as lung, heart, esophagus, kidney, bladder, and ileum, and located specific cell types (i.e., type II alveolar cells (AT2), myocardial cells, proximal tubule cells of the kidney, ileum and esophagus epithelial cells, and bladder urothelial cells), which are vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Based on the findings, we constructed a risk map indicating the vulnerability of different organs to 2019-nCoV infection. This study may provide potential clues for further investigation of the pathogenesis and route of 2019-nCoV infection. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0 and is accessible for authorized users.
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              Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection

              Abstract Objective This study aimed to assess the presence of novel coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of SARS–CoV‐2‐infected patients. Methods A prospective interventional case series study was performed, and 30 confirmed novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) patients were selected at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University from 26 January 2020 to 9 February 2020. At an interval of 2 to 3 days, tear and conjunctival secretions were collected twice with disposable sampling swabs for reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay. Results Twenty‐one common‐type and nine severe‐type NCP patients were enrolled. Two samples of tear and conjunctival secretions were obtained from the only one patient with conjunctivitis yielded positive RT‐PCR results. Fifty‐eight samples from other patents were all negative. Conclusion We speculate that SARS‐CoV‐2 may be detected in the tears and conjunctival secretions in NCP patients with conjunctivitis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                clemens.lange@uniklinik-freiburg.de
                guenther.schlunck@uniklinik-freiburg.de
                Journal
                Ophthalmologe
                Ophthalmologe
                Der Ophthalmologe
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0941-293X
                1433-0423
                3 November 2020
                : 1-4
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.7708.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9428 7911, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, , Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, ; Killianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.5963.9, Medizinische Fakultät, , Universität Freiburg, ; Breisacher Str. 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
                Article
                1255
                10.1007/s00347-020-01255-7
                7607541
                33141332
                91afa26d-2aa5-41d0-85e6-3a8a89f761ea
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Categories
                Leitthema

                sars-cov‑2,covid-19,ace2,tmprss2,conjunctiva,bindehaut
                sars-cov‑2, covid-19, ace2, tmprss2, conjunctiva, bindehaut

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