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      Dental Pulp Polyps Contain Stem Cells Comparable to the Normal Dental Pulps

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          Abstract

          Objectives: Few studies investigated the isolation of stem cells from pathologically injured dental tissues. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of isolation of stem cells from pulp polyps (chronic hyperplastic pulpitis), a pathological tissue produced in an inflammatory proliferative response within a tooth. Study design: Pulp polyp tissues were enzymatically digested and the harvested single cells were cultured. Cultured cells underwent differentiation to adipocytes and osteoblasts as well as flowcytometric analysis for markers such as: CD90, CD73, CD105, CD45, and CD14. In addition we tried to compare other characteristics (including colonigenic efficacy, population doubling time and the cell surface antigen panels) of these cells to that of healthy dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Results: Cells isolated from pulp polyps displayed spindle shape morphology and differentiated into adipocytes and osteoblasts successfully. These cells expressed CD90, CD73, and CD105 while were negative for CD45, CD14. Number of colonies among 104 tissue cells was higher in the normal pulp tissue derived cells than the pulp polyps (P=0.016); but as polyp tissues are larger and contain more cells (P=0.004), the total number of the stem cell in a sample tissue was higher in polyps but not significantly (P=0.073). Conclusions: The cells isolated from pulp polyps fulfill minimal criteria needed for MSC definition; hence, it can be concluded that pulp polyps contain stem cells. Although pulp polyps are rare tissues in daily practice but when they are present, may serve as a possible new non-invasively acquired tissue resource of stem cells for affected patients. List of abbreviations: APC = allophycocyanin, BM = Bone Marrow, CFU-F = Colony Forming Unit Fibroblast, DPSC = Dental Pulp Stem Cell, FITC = fluorescein isothiocyanate, MNC = mononuclear cells, MSC = Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell, PE = Phycoerythrin, PerCP = Peridinin chlorophyll protein, PPSC = Pulp Polyp Stem Cell.

          Key words:Adult stem cell, chronic hyperplastic pulpitis, dental pulp stem cell, pulp polyp.

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          Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues vs. those from other sources: their biology and role in regenerative medicine.

          G Huang, S Gronthos, S. Shi (2009)
          To date, 5 different human dental stem/progenitor cells have been isolated and characterized: dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP), and dental follicle progenitor cells (DFPCs). These postnatal populations have mesenchymal-stem-cell-like (MSC) qualities, including the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. MSCs derived from bone marrow (BMMSCs) are capable of giving rise to various lineages of cells, such as osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, and neurogenic cells. The dental-tissue-derived stem cells are isolated from specialized tissue with potent capacities to differentiate into odontogenic cells. However, they also have the ability to give rise to other cell lineages similar to, but different in potency from, that of BMMSCs. This article will review the isolation and characterization of the properties of different dental MSC-like populations in comparison with those of other MSCs, such as BMMSCs. Important issues in stem cell biology, such as stem cell niche, homing, and immunoregulation, will also be discussed.
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            Characterization of the apical papilla and its residing stem cells from human immature permanent teeth: a pilot study.

            Wataru Sonoyama, Yi. Liu, Takayoshi Yamaza … (2008)
            Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from the pulp tissue of permanent teeth (dental pulp stem cells or DPSCs) and deciduous teeth (stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth). We recently discovered another type of MSCs in the apical papilla of human immature permanent teeth termed stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP). Here, we further characterized the apical papilla tissue and stem cell properties of SCAP using histologic, immunohistochemical, and immunocytofluorescent analyses. We found that the apical papilla is distinctive to the pulp in terms of containing less cellular and vascular components than those in the pulp. Cells in the apical papilla proliferated 2- to 3-fold greater than those in the pulp in organ cultures. Both SCAP and DPSCs were as potent in osteo/dentinogenic differentiation as MSCs from bone marrows, whereas they were weaker in adipogenic potential. The immunophenotype of SCAP is similar to that of DPSCs on the osteo/dentinogenic and growth factor receptor gene profiles. Double-staining experiments showed that STRO-1 coexpressed with dentinogenic markers such as bone sialophosphoprotein, osteocalcin, and growth factors FGFR1 and TGFbetaRI in cultured SCAP. Additionally, SCAP express a wide variety of neurogenic markers such as nestin and neurofilament M upon stimulation with a neurogenic medium. We conclude that SCAP are similar to DPSCs but a distinct source of potent dental stem/progenitor cells. Their implications in root development and apexogenesis are discussed.
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              Isolation of precursor cells (PCs) from human dental follicle of wisdom teeth.

              C Morsczeck, W. Götz, J Schierholz … (2005)
              The dental follicle is an ectomesenchymal tissue surrounding the developing tooth germ. It is believed that this tissue contains stem cells and lineage committed progenitor cells or precursor cells (PCs) for cementoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, and osteoblasts. In this study, we report the isolation of PCs derived from dental follicle of human third molar teeth. These fibroblast-like, colony forming and plastic adherent cells expressed putative stem cell markers Notch-1 and Nestin. We compared gene expressions of PCs, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), periodontal ligament cells (PDL-cells) and osteoblasts (MG63) for delimitation of PCs. Interestingly, PCs expressed higher amounts of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) transcripts than hMSCs. Differentiation capacity was demonstrated under in vitro conditions for PCs. Long-term cultures with dexamethasone produced compact calcified nodules or appeared as plain membrane structures of different dimensions consisting of a connective tissue like matrix encapsulated by a mesothelium-like cellular structure. PCs differentially express osteocalcin (OCN) and bone sialoprotein (BS) after transplantation in immunocompromised mice but without any sign of cementum or bone formation. Therefore, our results demonstrate that cultured PCs are unique undifferentiated lineage committed cells residing in the periodontium prior or during tooth eruption.
              Article 0 comments Cited 215 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Clin Exp Dent
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Clin Exp Dent
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Medicina Oral S.L.
                Title: Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry
                Publisher: Medicina Oral S.L.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1989-5488
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 February 2014
                Publication date Collection: February 2014
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 1
                Pages: e53-e59
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Cellular and Molecular Research Club, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                [2 ]Department Cardiovascular Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                [3 ]Student research committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                [4 ]Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
                [5 ]Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                [6 ]Biomaterial Research center, Dental Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                [7 ]Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                [8 ]Department of Endodontics, Dental Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                Author notes
                Department of operative dentistry Faculty of dentistry Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Ghasrdasht Street, Shiraz, Iran , E-mail: tavangarm@ 123456yahoo.com

                Conflict of interest statement:The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 51305
                DOI: 10.4317/jced.51305
                PMC ID: 3935906
                PubMed ID: 24596636
                SO-VID: 91b1330b-986e-4df8-8c13-b2219807f9ab
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2014 Medicina Oral S.L.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date accepted : 25 October 2013
                Date received : 19 September 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Subject: Oral Medicine and Pathology

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