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      TRP channels: a missing bond in the entrainment mechanism of peripheral clocks throughout evolution

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          Abstract

          Circadian rhythm may be understood as a temporal organization that works to orchestrate physiological processes and behavior in a period of approximately 24 h. Because such temporal organization has evolved in the presence of predictable environmental clues, such as day length, tides, seasons, and temperature, the organism has confronted the natural selection in highly precise intervals of opportunities and risks, generating temporal programs and resetting mechanisms, which are well conserved among different taxa of animals. The present review brings some evidence of how these programs may have co-evolved in systems able to deal with 2 or more environmental clues, and how they similarly function in different group of animals, stressing how important temperature and light were to establish the temporal organizations. For example, melanopsin and rhodopsin, photopigments present respectively in circadian and visual photoreceptors, are required for temperature discrimination in Drosophila melanogaster. These pigments may signal light and temperature via activation of cationic membrane channel, named transient-receptor potential channel (TRP). In fact, TRPs have been suggested to function as thermal sensor for various groups of animals. Another example is the clock machinery at the molecular level. A set of very-well conserved proteins, known as clock proteins, function as transcription factors in positive and negative auto-regulatory loops generating circadian changes of their expression, and of clock-controlled genes. Similar molecular machinery is present in organisms as diverse as cyanobacteria ( Synechococcus), fungi ( Neurospora), insects ( Drosophila), and vertebrates including humans.

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          Most cited references113

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          TRP channels.

          The TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) superfamily of cation channels is remarkable in that it displays greater diversity in activation mechanisms and selectivities than any other group of ion channels. The domain organizations of some TRP proteins are also unusual, as they consist of linked channel and enzyme domains. A unifying theme in this group is that TRP proteins play critical roles in sensory physiology, which include contributions to vision, taste, olfaction, hearing, touch, and thermo- and osmosensation. In addition, TRP channels enable individual cells to sense changes in their local environment. Many TRP channels are activated by a variety of different stimuli and function as signal integrators. The TRP superfamily is divided into seven subfamilies: the five group 1 TRPs (TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPN, and TRPA) and two group 2 subfamilies (TRPP and TRPML). TRP channels are important for human health as mutations in at least four TRP channels underlie disease.
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            Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor.

            The capsaicin (vanilloid) receptor VR1 is a cation channel expressed by primary sensory neurons of the "pain" pathway. Heterologously expressed VR1 can be activated by vanilloid compounds, protons, or heat (>43 degrees C), but whether this channel contributes to chemical or thermal sensitivity in vivo is not known. Here, we demonstrate that sensory neurons from mice lacking VR1 are severely deficient in their responses to each of these noxious stimuli. VR1-/- mice showed normal responses to noxious mechanical stimuli but exhibited no vanilloid-evoked pain behavior, were impaired in the detection of painful heat, and showed little thermal hypersensitivity in the setting of inflammation. Thus, VR1 is essential for selective modalities of pain sensation and for tissue injury-induced thermal hyperalgesia.
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              Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock.

              Circadian clocks coordinate physiology and behavior with the 24h solar day to provide temporal homeostasis with the external environment. The molecular clocks that drive these intrinsic rhythmic changes are based on interlocked transcription/translation feedback loops that integrate with diverse environmental and metabolic stimuli to generate internal 24h timing. In this review we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the core molecular clock and how it utilizes diverse transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms to impart temporal control onto mammalian physiology. Understanding the way in which biological rhythms are generated throughout the body may provide avenues for temporally directed therapeutics to improve health and prevent disease. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Temperature (Austin)
                Temperature (Austin)
                KTMP
                Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal
                Taylor & Francis
                2332-8940
                2332-8959
                Oct-Dec 2015
                30 December 2015
                30 December 2015
                : 2
                : 4 , Temperature Sciences in Brazil. Guest Editor: Cândido Celso Coimbra, PhD. Guest Associate Editors: Christiano A. Machado-Moreira, PhD, and Samuel Penna Wanner, PhD
                : 522-534
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais ; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
                [2 ]Department of Physiology; Institute of Biosciences; University of Sao Paulo ; São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Maristela O Poletini; Email: marispoletini@ 123456icb.ufmg.br
                Article
                1115803
                10.1080/23328940.2015.1115803
                4843991
                27227072
                91d7cfbf-7b84-4465-98d6-8201a76229a5
                © 2015 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

                History
                : 26 August 2015
                : 10 October 2015
                : 29 October 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, References: 131, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Review

                clock genes,opsins,photo-transduction,thermo-transduction,trp channels

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