Cancer in End-Stage Renal Disease: Potential Factors Involved

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Abstract

Increased incidence of cancer at various sites is observed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In particular, lymphomas and carcinomas of the kidney, prostate, liver and uterus show an enhanced prevalence in these subjects compared with the general population. A multitude of factors directly or indirectly associated with the renal disease and the treatment regimens may contribute to the increased tumor formation in these patients. Impaired function of the immune system and of DNA repair mechanisms as well as reduced antioxidant defense, accumulation of carcinogenic compounds partly due to reduced renal elimination as well as chronic infections and inflammations are found more frequently in patients with ESRD compared with the general population and may act in concert to accelerate malignant transformation and tumor formation.

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Calcium-channel blockade and incidence of cancer in aged populations.

L Ferrucci, M Corti, R. Wallace … (1996)

Calcium-channel blockers can alter apoptosis, a mechanism for destruction of cancer cells. We examined whether the long-term use of calcium-channel blockers is associated with an increased risk of cancer. Between 1988 and 1992 we carried out a prospective cohort study of 5052 people aged 71 years or more and who lived in three regions of Massachusetts, Iowa, and Connecticut USA. Those taking calcium-channel blockers (n = 451) were compared with all other participants (n = 4601). The incidence of cancer was assessed by survey of hospital discharge diagnoses and causes of death. These outcomes were validated by the cancer registry in the one region where it was available. Demographic variables, disability, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, body-mass index, use of other drugs, hospital admissions for other causes, and comorbidity were all assessed as possible confounding factors. The hazard ratio for cancer associated with calcium-channel blockers (1549 person-years, 47 events) compared with those not taking calcium-channel blockers (17225 person-years, 373 events) was 1.72 (95% CI 1.27-2.34, p = 0.0005), after adjustment for confounding factors. A significant dose-response gradient was found. Hazard ratios associated with verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine did not differ significantly from each other. The results remained unchanged in community-specific analyses. The association between calcium-channel blockers and cancer was found with most of the common cancers. Calcium-channel blockers were associated with a general increased risk of cancer in the study populations, which suggested a common mechanism. These observational findings should be confirmed by other studies.

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Do calcium channel blockers increase the risk of cancer?

P Carbonin, M Corti, M Salive … (1996)

Calcium channel blockers can block calcium signals that trigger cell differentiation and apoptosis, which are important mechanisms of cancer growth regulation. To ascertain whether calcium channel blocker use was associated with an increased risk of cancer, 750 hypertensive persons age > or = 71 years, with no history of cancer at baseline, were followed from 1988 through 1992. The patients were using either beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or calcium channel blockers (verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem; mainly of the short-acting variety). Compared to beta-blockers (n = 424, 28 events), after adjusting for age, gender, race, smoking, body mass index, and number of hospital admissions not related with cancer, the relative risks of cancer (95% confidence interval) for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (n = 124, 6 events) and calcium channel blockers (n = 202, 27 events) were 0.73 (0.30 to 1.78) and 2.02 (1.16 to 3.54), respectively. These findings indicate that calcium channel blocker therapy might increase the risk of cancer. New data are needed in patients using modern calcium channel blocker agents with more gradual absorption. This report should encourage further study of cancer outcomes in elderly patients who are vulnerable to cancer and who are receiving calcium channel blockers.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): AJN

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Am J Nephrol

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0250-8095

Title: American Journal of Nephrology

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 0250-8095

ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9670

Publication date Subscription-year: 1998

Publication date (Print): April 1998

Publication date (Electronic): 01 April 1998

Volume: 18

Issue: 2

Pages: 89-95

Affiliations

^a Institut für Toxikologie der Universität Würzburg, und ^b Nephrologische Abteilung der Medizinischen Klinik, Universität Würzburg, Deutschland

Article

Publisher ID: 13314 Other ID: Am J Nephrol 1998;18:89–95

DOI: 10.1159/000013314

PubMed ID: 9569948

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