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      Understanding nightmares after traumatic events in Detroit (UNiTED): prospective associations with interpersonal violence and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms Translated title: Comprensión de las pesadillas tras sucesos traumáticos en Detroit (UNiTED): asociaciones prospectivas con la violencia interpersonal y los síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Research suggests trauma-related nightmares (TRNs) during the acute aftermath of trauma may contribute to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is unknown who is most vulnerable to TRNs, which is critical to identify at-risk patients toward whom early nightmare-focused treatments can be targeted to prevent PTSD.

          Objective: We tested trauma type (interpersonal violence [e.g. assault] vs non-interpersonal trauma [e.g. motor vehicle collision]) as a risk factor for TRNs in a predominantly low-income, Black, urban sample in Detroit, MI, USA.

          Method: We recruited patients from the intensive care unit following traumatic injury ( N = 88; M age = 39.53 ± SD 14.31 years, 67.0% male, 67.0% Black, 47.7% annual income ≤ $20,000) and administered surveys at three post trauma timepoints: one week (T1), one month (T2; n = 61), and two months (T3; n = 59). Trauma type was assessed at T1 via electronic medical records. Participants reported the extent to which their dreams’ content was similar to the trauma for which they were hospitalized across T1-T3. Participants then completed the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 at T3.

          Results: TRNs were more prevalent over time among patients exposed to interpersonal violence (80%) vs non-interpersonal trauma (48.7%, p = .005). Patients hospitalized for interpersonal violence faced greater odds for TRNs across timepoints relative to non-interpersonal trauma patients (Odds Ratio = 4.95, p = .021). TRNs, in turn, prospectively predicted PTSD symptoms such that TRNs at T2 presaged more severe PTSD at T3 ( p = .040, η p 2 = .31), above and beyond T1 PTSD status.

          Conclusions: This prospective study provides first evidence that interpersonal violence exposure is a robust risk factor for TRNs, which prospectively contribute to PTSD symptom development. Early intervention on TRNs after interpersonal violence exposure may decrease PTSD risk. Future studies are encouraged to use ambulatory methods to capture nightmares sooner after they occur.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Interpersonal violence exposure is a risk factor for trauma-related nightmares

          • Trauma-related nightmares predict PTSD symptoms, above and beyond baseline PTSD

          • Treating nightmares early after interpersonal violence may decrease PTSD risk

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Las investigaciones sugieren que las pesadillas relacionadas con el trauma (TRN en su sigla en inglés) durante la fase aguda posterior al trauma pueden contribuir al trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Sin embargo, se desconoce quién es más vulnerable a las TRN, lo que es fundamental para identificar a los pacientes en riesgo hacia los que se pueden dirigir los tratamientos tempranos centrados en las pesadillas para prevenir el TEPT.

          Objetivo: Evaluamos el tipo de trauma (violencia interpersonal [por ejemplo, agresión] frente a trauma no interpersonal [por ejemplo, colisión de vehículo de motor]) como factor de riesgo de TRN en una muestra urbana predominantemente negra y de bajos ingresos en Detroit, MI, EE.UU.

          Método: Se reclutó a pacientes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos tras una lesión traumática ( N = 88; M age = 39,53 ±  DE 14,31 años, 67.0% varones, 67.0% negros, 47.7% ingresos anuales ≤ 20.000 dólares) y se administraron encuestas en tres momentos tras el trauma: una semana (T1), un mes (T2; n = 61) y dos meses (T3; n = 59). El tipo de trauma se evaluó en T1 a través de los historiales médicos electrónicos. Los participantes informaron del grado en que el contenido de sus sueños era similar al trauma por el que fueron hospitalizados entre T1 y T3. A continuación, los participantes completaron la lista de comprobación del TEPT para el DSM-5 en T3.

          Resultados: Los TRN fueron más prevalentes a lo largo del tiempo entre los pacientes expuestos a violencia interpersonal (80%) frente a traumas no interpersonales (48.7%, p = .005). Los pacientes hospitalizados por violencia interpersonal presentaban mayores probabilidades de TRN a lo largo del tiempo que los pacientes sin trauma interpersonal (Razón de probabilidades = 4.95; p = .021). Los TRNs, a su vez, predijeron prospectivamente los síntomas de TEPT de tal manera que los TRNs en T2 presagiaron un TEPT más severo en T3 ( p = .040, η p 2 = .31), por encima y más allá del estado de TEPT en T1.

          Conclusiones: Este estudio prospectivo proporciona la primera evidencia de que la exposición a la violencia interpersonal es un factor de riesgo robusto para TRNs, que contribuyen prospectivamente al desarrollo de síntomas de TEPT. La intervención temprana sobre las TRN tras la exposición a la violencia interpersonal puede disminuir el riesgo de TEPT. Se anima a futuros estudios a utilizar métodos ambulatorios para captar las pesadillas prontamente luego de que ocurran.

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          Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic

          The kappa statistic is frequently used to test interrater reliability. The importance of rater reliability lies in the fact that it represents the extent to which the data collected in the study are correct representations of the variables measured. Measurement of the extent to which data collectors (raters) assign the same score to the same variable is called interrater reliability. While there have been a variety of methods to measure interrater reliability, traditionally it was measured as percent agreement, calculated as the number of agreement scores divided by the total number of scores. In 1960, Jacob Cohen critiqued use of percent agreement due to its inability to account for chance agreement. He introduced the Cohen’s kappa, developed to account for the possibility that raters actually guess on at least some variables due to uncertainty. Like most correlation statistics, the kappa can range from −1 to +1. While the kappa is one of the most commonly used statistics to test interrater reliability, it has limitations. Judgments about what level of kappa should be acceptable for health research are questioned. Cohen’s suggested interpretation may be too lenient for health related studies because it implies that a score as low as 0.41 might be acceptable. Kappa and percent agreement are compared, and levels for both kappa and percent agreement that should be demanded in healthcare studies are suggested.
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            Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans.

            This study examined the psychometric properties of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5; Weathers, Litz, et al., 2013b) in 2 independent samples of veterans receiving care at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (N = 468). A subsample of these participants (n = 140) was used to define a valid diagnostic cutoff score for the instrument using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5; Weathers, Blake, et al., 2013) as the reference standard. The PCL-5 test scores demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .96), test-retest reliability (r = .84), and convergent and discriminant validity. Consistent with previous studies (Armour et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2014), confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the data were best explained by a 6-factor anhedonia model and a 7-factor hybrid model. Signal detection analyses using the CAPS-5 revealed that PCL-5 scores of 31 to 33 were optimally efficient for diagnosing PTSD (κ(.5) = .58). Overall, the findings suggest that the PCL-5 is a psychometrically sound instrument that can be used effectively with veterans. Further, by determining a valid cutoff score using the CAPS-5, the PCL-5 can now be used to identify veterans with probable PTSD. However, findings also suggest the need for research to evaluate cluster structure of DSM-5. (PsycINFO Database Record
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              Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                8 October 2024
                2024
                8 October 2024
                : 15
                : 1
                : 2409561
                Affiliations
                [a ]Sleep Disorders & Research Center, Henry Ford Health , Detroit, MI, USA
                [b ]Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine , Grand Rapids, MI, USA
                [c ]Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI, USA
                [d ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Division of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI, USA
                [e ]Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, USA
                [f ]Department of Psychiatry, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI, USA
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Anthony N. Reffi areffi1@ 123456hfhs.org Sleep Disorders & Research Center, Trauma Recovery Center, Henry Ford Health System , 39450 West Twelve Mile Road, Novi, MI 48377, USA
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-1678
                Article
                2409561
                10.1080/20008066.2024.2409561
                11463023
                39376120
                9228f32e-aeb5-4cac-b2d5-c8f80bb761aa
                © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 76, Pages: 14, Words: 7259
                Categories
                Clinical Research Article
                Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                dreams,parasomnia,sleep disorders,sleep disturbance,longitudinal,african american,sueños,trastornos del sueño,alteraciones del sueño,afroamericanos

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