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      Organ geometry channels reproductive cell fate in the Arabidopsis ovule primordium

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          Abstract

          In multicellular organisms, sexual reproduction requires the separation of the germline from the soma. In flowering plants, the female germline precursor differentiates as a single spore mother cell (SMC) as the ovule primordium forms. Here, we explored how organ growth contributes to SMC differentiation. We generated 92 annotated 3D images at cellular resolution in Arabidopsis. We identified the spatio-temporal pattern of cell division that acts in a domain-specific manner as the primordium forms. Tissue growth models uncovered plausible morphogenetic principles involving a spatially confined growth signal, differential mechanical properties, and cell growth anisotropy. Our analysis revealed that SMC characteristics first arise in more than one cell but SMC fate becomes progressively restricted to a single cell during organ growth. Altered primordium geometry coincided with a delay in the fate restriction process in katanin mutants. Altogether, our study suggests that tissue geometry channels reproductive cell fate in the Arabidopsis ovule primordium.

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          ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data

          Background ImageJ is an image analysis program extensively used in the biological sciences and beyond. Due to its ease of use, recordable macro language, and extensible plug-in architecture, ImageJ enjoys contributions from non-programmers, amateur programmers, and professional developers alike. Enabling such a diversity of contributors has resulted in a large community that spans the biological and physical sciences. However, a rapidly growing user base, diverging plugin suites, and technical limitations have revealed a clear need for a concerted software engineering effort to support emerging imaging paradigms, to ensure the software’s ability to handle the requirements of modern science. Results We rewrote the entire ImageJ codebase, engineering a redesigned plugin mechanism intended to facilitate extensibility at every level, with the goal of creating a more powerful tool that continues to serve the existing community while addressing a wider range of scientific requirements. This next-generation ImageJ, called “ImageJ2” in places where the distinction matters, provides a host of new functionality. It separates concerns, fully decoupling the data model from the user interface. It emphasizes integration with external applications to maximize interoperability. Its robust new plugin framework allows everything from image formats, to scripting languages, to visualization to be extended by the community. The redesigned data model supports arbitrarily large, N-dimensional datasets, which are increasingly common in modern image acquisition. Despite the scope of these changes, backwards compatibility is maintained such that this new functionality can be seamlessly integrated with the classic ImageJ interface, allowing users and developers to migrate to these new methods at their own pace. Conclusions Scientific imaging benefits from open-source programs that advance new method development and deployment to a diverse audience. ImageJ has continuously evolved with this idea in mind; however, new and emerging scientific requirements have posed corresponding challenges for ImageJ’s development. The described improvements provide a framework engineered for flexibility, intended to support these requirements as well as accommodate future needs. Future efforts will focus on implementing new algorithms in this framework and expanding collaborations with other popular scientific software suites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1934-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Widespread translational inhibition by plant miRNAs and siRNAs.

            High complementarity between plant microRNAs (miRNAs) and their messenger RNA targets is thought to cause silencing, prevalently by endonucleolytic cleavage. We have isolated Arabidopsis mutants defective in miRNA action. Their analysis provides evidence that plant miRNA-guided silencing has a widespread translational inhibitory component that is genetically separable from endonucleolytic cleavage. We further show that the same is true of silencing mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) populations. Translational repression is effected in part by the ARGONAUTE proteins AGO1 and AGO10. It also requires the activity of the microtubule-severing enzyme katanin, implicating cytoskeleton dynamics in miRNA action, as recently suggested from animal studies. Also as in animals, the decapping component VARICOSE (VCS)/Ge-1 is required for translational repression by miRNAs, which suggests that the underlying mechanisms in the two kingdoms are related.
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              Canalization of Development and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Reviewing Editor
                Role: Senior Editor
                Journal
                eLife
                Elife
                eLife
                eLife
                eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
                2050-084X
                07 May 2021
                2021
                : 10
                : e66031
                Affiliations
                [1 ]DIADE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD MontpellierFrance
                [2 ]Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich ZürichSwitzerland
                [3 ]Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, University of Lyon, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA LyonFrance
                University of California, Berkeley United States
                University of Freiburg Germany
                University of California, Berkeley United States
                Author notes
                [‡]

                Novartis Pharma Schweiz AG, Basel, Switzerland.

                [§]

                LadHyX, Ecole polytechnique CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.

                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2645-3783
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4509-498X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0339-3535
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7113-3519
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-2442
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-8974
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-6620
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1202-8460
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2780-4717
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5424-114X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5227-8966
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-2229
                Article
                66031
                10.7554/eLife.66031
                8219382
                33960300
                925bf2f9-69d7-427b-b9b1-0e6a72ed4ceb
                © 2021, Hernandez-Lagana et al

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 22 December 2020
                : 03 May 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung;
                Award ID: 310030L_170167
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001665, Agence Nationale de la Recherche;
                Award ID: 16-CE93-0002
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung;
                Award ID: 310030B_160336
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung;
                Award ID: IZCOZ0_182949
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001808, Kommission für Technologie und Innovation;
                Award ID: 16997
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007252, Baugarten Stiftung;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003141, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología;
                Award ID: 438277
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Forschungskredit Universitaet Zuerich;
                Award ID: FK-74502-04-01
                Award Recipient :
                The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Developmental Biology
                Plant Biology
                Custom metadata
                In the Arabidopsis ovule primordium, germinal fate plasticity is coupled to the morphogenetic processes shaping the organ.

                Life sciences
                ovule primordium,germline,cell fate,plasticity,growth,tissue geometry,a. thaliana
                Life sciences
                ovule primordium, germline, cell fate, plasticity, growth, tissue geometry, a. thaliana

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