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      Confirming validity of The Fear of COVID-19 Scale in Japanese with a nationwide large-scale sample

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          Abstract

          Assessing fear and anxiety regarding COVID-19 viral infection is essential for investigating mental health during this epidemic. We have developed and validated a Japanese-language version of The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) based on a large, nationwide residential sample (n = 6,750) recruited through news and social media responding to an online version of the questionnaire. Data was collected from August 4–25, 2020. Results correlated with K6, GAD-7 and IES-R psychological scales, and T-tests and analysis of variance identified associated factors. All indices indicated the two-factor model emotional fear reactions and symptomatic expressions of fear a better fit for our data than a single-factor model in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (χ 2 = 164.16, p<0.001, CFI 0.991, TLI = 0.985, RMSEA = 0.043). Socio-demographic factors identified as disaster vulnerabilities such as female sex, sexual minority, elderly, unemployment, and present psychiatric history associated with higher scores. However, respondent or family member experience of infection risk, or work/school interference from confinement, had greatest impact. Results suggest necessity of mental health support during this pandemic similar to other disasters.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)
          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives

            Li‐tze Hu, Peter M. Bentler (1999)
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              A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

              Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)
              Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
              Article 0 comments Cited 6913 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Haruhiko Midorikawa:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-0046
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Miyuki Aiba: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Adam Lebowitz: Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Takaya Taguchi: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Supervision
                Yuki Shiratori:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3269-4169
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Supervision
                Takafumi Ogawa: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Supervision
                Asumi Takahashi:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3076-889X
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Sho Takahashi: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Supervision
                Kiyotaka Nemoto: Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Tetsuaki Arai: Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Hirokazu Tachikawa: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Chung-Ying Lin: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 February 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 February 2021
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0246840
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Majors of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
                [2 ] Faculty of Human Sciences, Toyo Gakuen University, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
                [3 ] General Studies Department, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
                [4 ] Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Disaster and Community Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
                [5 ] Department of Psychiatry, Tsukuba University Health Center, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
                [6 ] Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
                Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-0046
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3269-4169
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3076-889X
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-20-37753
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246840
                PMC ID: 7875410
                PubMed ID: 33566868
                SO-VID: 928afe16-32bc-4a1a-b8d5-66b6bc9985ee
                Copyright © © 2021 Midorikawa et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 1 December 2020
                Date accepted : 27 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 6, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Program to Apply the Wisdom of the University to tackle COVID -19 Related Emergency Problems
                Program to Apply the Wisdom of the University to tackle COVID -19 Related Emergency Problems. ( https://www.osi.tsukuba.ac.jp/fight_covid19/) The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Viral Diseases
                Subject: Covid 19
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Fear
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Fear
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Medical Risk Factors
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Professions
                Subject: Medical Personnel
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Anxiety
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Anxiety
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychometrics
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychometrics
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Communications
                Subject: Social Communication
                Subject: Social Media
                Subject: Computer and Information Sciences
                Subject: Network Analysis
                Subject: Social Networks
                Subject: Social Media
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Social Networks
                Subject: Social Media
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
                Outbreaks COVID-19

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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