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      Grief and mourning gone awry: pathway and course of complicated grief

      research-article
      , MD *
      Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
      Les Laboratoires Servier
      bereavement, grief, mourning, complicated grief, depression

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          Abstract

          Complicated grief is a recently recognized condition that occurs in about 7% of bereaved people. People with this condition are caught up in rumination about the circumstances of the death, worry about its consequences, or excessive avoidance of reminders of the loss. Unable to comprehend the finality and consequences of the loss, they resort to excessive avoidance of reminders of the loss as they are tossed helplessly on waves of intense emotion. People with complicated grief need help, and clinicians need to know how to recognize the symptoms and how to provide help. This paper provides a framework to help clinicans understand bereavement, grief, and mourning. Evidence-based diagnostic criteria are provided to help clinicians recognize complicated grief, and differentiate it from depression as well as anxiety disorder. We provide an overview of risk factors and basic assumptions and principles that can guide treatment.

          Translated abstract

          El duelo complicado es una condición reconocida recientemente que ocurre en cerca del 7% de los deudos. Las personas con esta condición quedan atrapadas en una rumiación acerca de las circunstancias de la muerte, la preocupación por sus consecuencias o la evitación excesiva de recuerdos de la pérdida. Al ser incapaces de comprender la finalidad y consecuencias de la perdida, ellas recurren a una excesiva evitación de recuerdos de la pérdida y del impacto de las oleadas de intensa emoción ante las cuales no pueden hacer nada. Las personas con duelo complicado necesitan ayuda y los clínicos necesitan saber cómo reconocer los síntomas y cómo proporcionarles esta ayuda. Este artículo entrega una estructura para apoyar a los clínicos a comprender las pérdidas, el duelo y el luto. Se entregan los criterios diagnósticos basados en la evidencia para ayudar a los clínicos a reconocer el duelo complicado y diferenciarlo de la depresión y del trastorno ansioso. Se entrega una panorámica de los factores de riesgo y de los supuestos y principios básicos que puedan orientar el tratamiento.

          Translated abstract

          La douleur morale compliquée après la perte d'un être cher est un état récemment reconnu qui survient chez environ 7 % des personnes endeuillées. Les sujets concernés sont pris dans une rumination des circonstances de la mort, du souci de ses conséquences ou un évitement excessif du rappel du décès. Cet évitement vient d'une incapacité à comprendre la finalité et les conséquences de la perte, les personnes étant désespérément secouées par des vagues d'émotion intense. Les sujets souffrant d'un deuil compliqué ont besoin d'aide et les médecins doivent savoir en reconnaître les symptômes et répondre à leur détresse. Les médecins trouveront dans cet article un cadre pour les aider à comprendre la perte, la douleur morale et le deuil. Les critères de diagnostic basé sur les preuves aideront les médecins à reconnaître la douleur morale compliquée et à la différencier de la dépression et des troubles anxieux. Nous analysons les facteurs de risque et les hypothèses de base ainsi que les principes qui peuvent guider le traitement.

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          Most cited references23

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          Treatment of complicated grief: a randomized controlled trial.

          Complicated grief is a debilitating disorder associated with important negative health consequences, but the results of existing treatments for it have been disappointing. To compare the efficacy of a novel approach, complicated grief treatment, with a standard psychotherapy (interpersonal psychotherapy). Two-cell, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial, stratified by manner of death of loved one and treatment site. A university-based psychiatric research clinic as well as a satellite clinic in a low-income African American community between April 2001 and April 2004. A total of 83 women and 12 men aged 18 to 85 years recruited through professional referral, self-referral, and media announcements who met criteria for complicated grief. Participants were randomly assigned to receive interpersonal psychotherapy (n = 46) or complicated grief treatment (n = 49); both were administered in 16 sessions during an average interval of 19 weeks per participant. Treatment response, defined either as independent evaluator-rated Clinical Global Improvement score of 1 or 2 or as time to a 20-point or better improvement in the self-reported Inventory of Complicated Grief. Both treatments produced improvement in complicated grief symptoms. The response rate was greater for complicated grief treatment (51%) than for interpersonal psychotherapy (28%; P = .02) and time to response was faster for complicated grief treatment (P = .02). The number needed to treat was 4.3. Complicated grief treatment is an improved treatment over interpersonal psychotherapy, showing higher response rates and faster time to response.
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            Craving love? Enduring grief activates brain's reward center.

            Complicated Grief (CG) occurs when an individual experiences prolonged, unabated grief. The neural mechanisms distinguishing CG from Noncomplicated Grief (NCG) are unclear, but hypothesized mechanisms include both pain-related activity (related to the social pain of loss) and reward-related activity (related to attachment behavior). Bereaved women (11 CG, 12 NCG) participated in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging scan, during grief elicitation with idiographic stimuli. Analyses revealed that whereas both CG and NCG participants showed pain-related neural activity in response to reminders of the deceased, only those with CG showed reward-related activity in the nucleus accumbens (NA). This NA cluster was positively correlated with self-reported yearning, but not with time since death, participant age, or positive/negative affect. This study supports the hypothesis that attachment activates reward pathways. For those with CG, reminders of the deceased still activate neural reward activity, which may interfere with adapting to the loss in the present.
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              • Article: not found

              Attachment and close relationships across the life span.

              The Convoy Model of Social Relations is identified as a unifying conceptual framework within which to consider attachment and other close social relationships across the life span. Convoy data are provided for people aged 8 to 93 in both the United States and Japan. Data from community based representative samples in the Detroit (N = 1703) and Yokohama (N = 1842) metropolitan areas indicate age differences in all close relationships but gender differences only in very close relationships in the two countries. There was only one Age x Gender x Country interaction for number of people in close relations. Examination of role relationships suggest age differences overall but considerable similarities in the two countries.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Marion E. Kenworthy Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University School of Social Work and Department of Psychiatry; Director, Complicated Grief Program, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                June 2012
                June 2012
                : 14
                : 2
                : 119-128
                Affiliations
                Marion E. Kenworthy Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University School of Social Work and Department of Psychiatry; Director, Complicated Grief Program, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/mshear
                3384440
                22754284
                92bc512d-fc5f-497e-b6c3-0eba0cd0cefd
                Copyright: © 2012 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                State of the Art

                Neurosciences
                complicated grief,grief,bereavement,mourning,depression
                Neurosciences
                complicated grief, grief, bereavement, mourning, depression

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