In 2015, persons aged 10–24 years who were treated for nonfatal assault injuries in
emergency departments (EDs) in the United States accounted for 32% of the approximately
1.5 million patients of all ages that EDs treated for nonfatal assault injuries (
1
). CDC analyzed data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All Injury
Program (NEISS-AIP) to examine 2001–2015 trends in nonfatal assault injuries among
youths treated in EDs, by sex and age group, and to assess current rates by sex, age
group, mechanism of injury, and disposition (
1
). Rates for 2001–2015 were significantly higher among males than among females and
among young adults aged 20–24 years than among youths aged 10–14 and 15–19 years.
During 2011–2015, rates declined for all groups. The 2015 rate among persons aged
10–24 years was 753.2 per 100,000 population, the lowest in the 15-year study period.
Despite encouraging trends, the assault rate among young persons remains high. Rates
in 2015 were higher among males, persons aged 20–24 years, and those who incurred
intentional strike or hit injuries. Nearly one in 10 patients were admitted to the
hospital, transferred to another hospital, or held for observation. Youth violence
prevention strategies, including primary prevention approaches that build individual
skills, strengthen family relationships, or connect young persons treated in EDs to
immediate and ongoing support, can be implemented to decrease injuries and fatalities
(
2
).
NEISS-AIP collects data from a nationally representative sample of EDs, using specific
guidelines for recording the primary diagnosis and mechanism of all types of treated
injuries. NEISS-AIP is operated by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission in
collaboration with CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Data are
accessible using CDC’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (
1
). The analysis was limited to patients treated for nonfatal assault injuries, which
included injury resulting from an act of violence where physical force by one or more
persons was involved and excluded injuries related to sexual assault. Data were stratified
by calendar year, sex, and 5-year age group (10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 years). Data
for 2015 were also stratified by mechanism of injury (struck by/against, cut/pierce,
firearm, or other) and disposition (treated and released, transferred to another hospital,
held for observation, left against medical advice, or left without being seen by physician).
Annual injury rates (per 100,000 population) were computed overall and for the indicated
strata. Joinpoint regression* was used to test the significance of trends from 2001
to 2015. Changes in the annual nonfatal assault rate among persons aged 10–24 years
by sex and age group were examined. Annual percentage change (APC) estimates that
were statistically significant (p<0.05) are presented to indicate the magnitude and
direction of significant trends.
During 2001–2015, approximately 9.6 million persons aged 10–24 years were treated
in EDs for nonfatal assault injuries, an average annual rate of 1,003.9 per 100,000
(Table). Rates were significantly higher among males (1,265.3 per 100,000) than among
females (729.0). Rates were higher for young adults aged 20–24 years (1,376.5) than
for persons aged 10–14 years (461.7) and 15–19 years (1,159.7). The overall nonfatal
assault rate per 100,000 persons aged 10–24 declined during the 15-year study period
from 1,179.7 in 2001 to 753.2 in 2015, the lowest rate in the study period (Figure
1). During 2011–2015, the overall nonfatal assault injury rate declined 27.5% (Table).
During this period, rates for males and females declined 30.1% and 22.7%, respectively;
the average annual percentage decrease was 8.5% for males and 7.4% for females (Figure
1). Also during 2011–2015, rates for persons aged 10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 years declined
35.5%, 30.6%, and 23.8%, respectively (Table). The injury rate declined 11.5% per
year for persons aged 10–14 years, 9.2% for persons aged 15–19 years, and 5.6% for
persons aged 20–24 years (Figure 2).
TABLE
Average annual rate of nonfatal assault injuries per 100,000 population among persons
aged 10–24 years treated in hospital emergency departments, by sex and age group —
United States, 2001–2015
Characteristic
No. of sample cases
National estimate* (%)
Average annual rate† (95% CI)
No. of joinpoints
Joinpoint year range
APC
Rate† range during joinpoint year
% reduction in rate during joinpoint year range
Total
185,645
9,603,933 (100.0)
1,003.9 (805.0–1,202.8)
1
2001–2011
−1.4§
(1,179.7–1,039.0)
11.9
2011–2015
−6.8§
(1,039.0–753.2)
27.5
Sex
Male
120,930
6,200,495 (64.6)
1,265.3 (1,003.6–1,527.1)
1
2001–2011
−1.2§
(1,476.8–1309.5)
11.3
2011–2015
−8.5§
(1,309.5–914.9)
30.1
Female
64,687
3,401,887 (35.4)
729.0 (589.9–868.1)
2
2001–2008
−3.4§
(866.6–676.4)
21.9
2008–2011
4.5
—
—
2011–2015
−7.4§
(755.7–583.9)
22.7
Age group (yrs)
10–14
34,132
1,447,593 (15.1)
461.7 (321.2–602.2)
2
2001–2008
−8.7§
(683.2–385.7)
43.5
2008–2011
2.1
—
—
2011–2015
−11.5§
(413.7–267.0)
35.5
15–19
74,267
3,724,730 (38.8)
1,159.7 (930.2–1,389.1)
1
2001–2011
−1.7§
(1,362.0–1,170.8)
14.0
2011–2015
−9.2§
(1,170.8–813.1)
30.6
20–24
77,246
4,431,610 (46.1)
1,376.5 (1,132.3–1,620.7)
1
2001–2011
0.1
—
—
2011–2015
−5.6§
(1,494.5–1,138.6)
23.8
Abbreviations: APC = annual percentage change; CI = confidence interval.
* Excludes sexual assault cases; includes assault cases with unknown sex. Estimates
might not sum to total because of rounding.
† Crude rate per 100,000 population.
§ Statistical significance of regression results (p<0.05).
FIGURE 1
Nonfatal assault* injury rate among persons aged 10–24 years treated in hospital emergency
departments, by sex — United States, 2001–2015†
* Excluding sexual assault.
†Joinpoint regression analysis was used to determine annual percentage change with
statistically significant trend and significant joinpoints indicated (p<0.05).
The figure above is a line graph showing the nonfatal assault injury rate among persons
in the United States aged 10–24 years who were treated in hospital emergency departments
during 2001–2015, by sex.
FIGURE 2
Nonfatal assault* injury rate among persons aged 10–24 years treated in hospital emergency
departments, by age group — United States, 2001–2015†
* Excluding sexual assault.
†Joinpoint regression analysis was used to determine annual percentage change with
statistically significant trend and significant joinpoints indicated (p<0.05).
The figure above is a line graph showing the nonfatal assault injury rate among persons
in the United States aged 10–24 years who were treated in hospital emergency departments
during 2001–2015, by age group.
In 2015, an estimated 485,610 persons aged 10–24 years were treated in EDs for nonfatal
assault injuries. The rate of nonfatal assault injuries among persons aged 10–24 years
was 914.9 per 100,000 for males and 583.9 for females; by age group, it was 267.0
per 100,000 for persons aged 10–14 years, 813.1 for persons aged 15–19 years, and
1,138.6 for persons aged 20–24 years.
Most persons aged 10–24 years treated in an ED for nonfatal assault injuries (81.2%)
were treated for injuries related to being intentionally struck or hit. Other leading
mechanisms of nonfatal injuries included being cut, stabbed, or pierced (8.1%), and
having firearm-related injuries (5.7%). Most persons in this age range who visited
an ED for assault injuries were treated and released (87.0%); 9.9% were hospitalized,
transferred to another hospital, or held for observation; and 3.1% left the ED against
medical advice or left without being seen by a physician.
Discussion
For decades, young persons have represented a substantial proportion of patients receiving
treatment in EDs for assault injuries. The findings in this report demonstrate that
the rate of nonfatal assault injuries among persons aged 10–24 years has declined
since 2001, with significant declines overall and by sex and age group since 2011.
These encouraging declines are consistent with previous analyses and recent trends
in youth violence (
3
,
4
). The declines might indicate increased implementation and beneficial effects of
evidence-based prevention strategies that reach young persons (
2
,
5
). A number of primary prevention strategies have been shown to reduce the risk for
and occurrence of youth violence, including school-based programs that build communication
and problem-solving skills and family approaches that help caregivers set age-appropriate
rules, monitor youth activities and relationships, and address other risk factors
(e.g., childhood conduct problems and delinquency) (
2
).
The ED is an important implementation setting for prevention, in part because a large
proportion of patients will experience a subsequent assault-related injury or premature
death within a few years of a treated injury (
6
,
7
). For example, one study compared persons aged 14–24 years who sought treatment in
the ED and reported substance use in the 6 months before the visit. Of the young persons
who were seen initially for an assault-related injury, 36.7% were seen again for an
assault-related injury within 24 months, compared with 22.4% of the young persons
initially seen for other conditions (e.g., unintentional injury or illness) (
6
).
The implementation of brief ED interventions to reduce the continuation and escalation
of violence is growing (
8
). These programs vary in design and duration but typically identify youths in the
ED when they are examined for a violence-related injury. The programs are implemented
by trained staff members (e.g., medical personnel, community service providers, and
program outreach workers) who provide immediate and follow-up services to increase
risk awareness, conflict resolution skills, and connection to community support (e.g.,
academic or vocational supports and mental health treatment). Research has shown that
these programs have significant benefits, including sustained reductions in perpetration
and victimization of peer violence (
9
). Evaluation of a specific program found that participants were 70% less likely than
nonparticipating youths to be arrested for any offense during the 6 months after the
program (
10
).
The findings of this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, injury
rates are likely underestimates of the actual prevalence because data are limited
to persons treated in EDs and do not include those who had injuries treated in other
health care facilities (e.g., physician’s office or urgent care center) or those for
whom no treatment was needed or sought. Second, data were coded by trained personnel
based on narratives abstracted from patients’ medical records, for which details of
the injuries and circumstances varied. Inaccuracies in the abstraction and coding
process might have occurred. Third, differences by race and ethnicity could not be
examined because of the high prevalence of missing race/ethnicity data (20.3%). Finally,
data are based on information in the ED record and are not linked to other data sources
(e.g., police reports or school disciplinary reports) that might provide additional
information about the circumstances related to the injury or the relationship between
the perpetrator and victim.
Although the number of young persons treated for nonfatal assault injuries in EDs
is declining, and this trend is promising, these injuries remain common and costly.
In 2015, approximately 485,610 young persons were treated for assault-related injuries,
and associated medical and lost productivity costs were approximately $3.4 billion
(
1
). These injuries continue to occur most often among males and among young adults
aged 20–24 years, highlighting the groups that need to be reached with continued and
enhanced prevention strategies. Violence among young persons is preventable with the
implementation of evidence-based policies and programs that significantly reduce the
risk for injuries and associated risk factors. CDC’s A Comprehensive Technical Package
for the Prevention of Youth Violence and Associated Risk Behaviors (https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv-technicalpackage.pdf)
can help states and communities focus their collaborative action on strategies supported
by the best available evidence (
2
).
Summary
What is already known about this topic?
Persons aged 10–24 years account for a substantial proportion of nonfatal assault
injuries treated in emergency departments (EDs) in the United States.
What is added by this report?
The 2015 rate for nonfatal injuries among persons aged 10–24 years was 753.2 per 100,000
population, the lowest rate in the 15-year study period (2001–2015). From 2011 to
2015, injury rates declined among both males and females and all age groups examined.
Despite these findings, assault injuries continue to occur often, with 485,610 young
persons treated in EDs for assault-related injuries in 2015.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Primary prevention strategies that build communication and problem-solving skills
and address risk factors for violence among young persons can stop violence before
it starts. Expansion of these strategies and additional interventions focused on injured
young persons while they are receiving ED treatment to connect to immediate and ongoing
community support might decrease the risk for reinjury or fatality. CDC’s technical
package to prevent youth violence helps communities and states prioritize strategies
with the best available evidence.