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      Description of the V instar nymph of Tolono confusus Carvajal, Rider and Faúndez, 2015 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae) Translated title: Descripción de la ninfa V de Tolono confusus Carvajal, Rider y Faúndez, 2015 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)

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          Abstract

          Abstract The fifth instar nymph of Tolono confusus Carvajal, Rider & Faúndez, 2015 is described and illustrated based on two specimens from Napo Province, Ecuador. The need for further work on South American pentatomoid immatures stages is briefly discussed.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Se describe la ninfa de quinto estadio de Tolono confusus Carvajal, Rider y Faúndez, 2015 sobre la base de dos ejemplares de la provincia de Napo, Ecuador. Se discute brevemente el conocimiento actual de los estados inmaduros de pentatomoideos sudamericanos.

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          Revalidation of Ditomotarsus hyadesi Signoret, 1885 stat. rest. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae) with notes on its Natural History

          M.A. Carvajal, E.I. Faúndez, MA Carvajal … (2015)
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            Asociación críptica entre Sinopla perpunctatus Signoret, 1863 (Acanthosomatidae: Hemiptera) y el Ñirre Nothofagus antarctica (G. Forster) Oersted (Fagaceae) en la Región de Magallanes (Chile)

            E.I. Faúndez, E. Faúndez, E. FAÚNDEZ (2007)
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              Maternal care in Acanthosomatinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)—correlated evolution with morphological change

              Jing-Fu Tsai, Shin-ichi Kudo, Kazunori Yoshizawa (2015)
              Background Maternal care (egg-nymph guarding behavior) has been recorded in some genera of Acanthosomatidae. However, the origin of the maternal care in the family has remained unclear due to the lack of phylogenetic hypotheses. Another reproductive mode is found in non-caring species whose females smear their eggs before leaving them. They possess pairs of complex organs on the abdominal venter called Pendergrast’s organ (PO) and spread the secretion of this organ onto each egg with their hind legs, which is supposed to provide a protective function against enemies. Some authors claim that the absence of PO may be associated with the presence of maternal care. No study, however, has tested this hypothesis of a correlated evolution between the two traits. Results We reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Acanthosomatinae using five genetic markers sequenced from 44 species and one subspecies with and without maternal care. Eight additional species from the other two acanthosomatid subfamilies were included as outgroups. Our results indicated that maternal care has evolved independently at least three times within Acanthosomatinae and once in the outgroup species. Statistical tests for correlated evolution showed that the presence of maternal care is significantly correlated with the secondary loss or reduction of PO. Ancestral state reconstruction for the node of Acanthosoma denticaudum (a non-caring species in which egg smearing with developed POs occurs) and A. firmatum (a caring species with reduced POs) suggested egg smearing was still present in their most recent common ancestor and that maternal care in A. firmatum has evolved relatively recently. Conclusions We showed that maternal care is an apomorphic trait that has arisen multiple times from the presence of PO within the subfamily Acanthosomatinae. The acquisition of maternal care is correlated with the reduction or loss of PO, which suggests an evolutionary trade-off between the two traits resulting from physiological costs. This prediction also implies that presence of maternal care can be highly expected for those groups lacking behavioral data, which invariably also lack the organ. No secondary loss of maternal care was detected in the present tree. We suggest that the loss of maternal care may be suppressed due to the vulnerability of the PO-free condition, which thus maintains maternal care. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0537-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): rche
                Title: Revista chilena de entomología
                Abbreviated Title: Rev. chil. entomol.
                Publisher: Sociedad Chilena de Entomología (Santiago, , Chile )
                ISSN (Print): 0034-740X
                ISSN (Electronic): 0718-8994
                Publication date (Print and electronic): March 2022
                Volume: 48
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 125-129
                Affiliations
                [1] Punta Arenas Magallanes orgnameUniversidad de Magallanes orgdiv1Instituto de la Patagonia orgdiv2Laboratorio de entomología y salud pública Chile
                [2] Fargo North Dakota orgnameNorth Dakota State University orgdiv1School of Natural Resource Sciences orgdiv2Entomology Department United States
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0718-89942022000100125 Publisher ID: S0718-8994(22)04800100125
                DOI: 10.35249/rche.48.1.22.11
                SO-VID: 92c92706-e8ef-4514-b4a5-89ecd5e4413b
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date accepted : 25 January 2022
                Date received : 31 December 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 13, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Keywords: Ditomotarsinae,immature stages,Pentatomoidea,Tolono,estados inmaduros
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Ditomotarsinae, immature stages, Pentatomoidea, Tolono, estados inmaduros

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