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      Lead toxicity in plants Translated title: Toxicidade de chumbo em plantas

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          Abstract

          Contamination of soils by heavy metals is of widespread occurrence as a result of human, agricultural and industrial activities. Among heavy metals, lead is a potential pollutant that readily accumulates in soils and sediments. Although lead is not an essential element for plants, it gets easily absorbed and accumulated in different plant parts. Uptake of Pb in plants is regulated by pH, particle size and cation exchange capacity of the soils as well as by root exudation and other physico-chemical parameters. Excess Pb causes a number of toxicity symptoms in plants e.g. stunted growth, chlorosis and blackening of root system. Pb inhibits photosynthesis, upsets mineral nutrition and water balance, changes hormonal status and affects membrane structure and permeability. This review addresses various morphological, physiological and biochemical effects of Pb toxicity and also strategies adopted by plants for Pb-detoxification and developing tolerance to Pb. Mechanisms of Pb-detoxification include sequestration of Pb in the vacuole, phytochelatin synthesis and binding to glutathione and aminoacids etc. Pb tolerance is associated with the capacity of plants to restrict Pb to the cell walls, synthesis of osmolytes and activation of antioxidant defense system. Remediation of soils contaminated with Pb using phytoremediation and rhizofiltration technologies appear to have great potential for cleaning of Pb-contaminated soils.

          Translated abstract

          A contaminação de solos por metais pesados é de ocorrência generalizada como resultado das atividades humana, agrícola e industrial. Entre os metais pesados, o chumbo (Pb) é um poluente potencial que, prontamente, se acumula nos solos e sedimentos. Apesar de não ser um elemento essencial para as plantas, é facilmente absorvido e acumulado em diferentes partes delas. A absorção de Pb é regulada pelo pH, tamanho de partículas e capacidade de troca de cátions dos solos, assim como pela exsudação e outros parâmetros físicoquímicos. Excesso de Pb causa vários sintomas de toxicidade em plantas, por exemplo: redução de crescimento, clorose e escurecimento do sistema radicular. Pb inibe a fotossíntese, altera a nutrição mineral e o balanço hídrico, modifica o estado hormonal e afeta a estrutura e permeabilidade da membrana. Esta revisão aborda vários efeitos morfológicos, fisiológicos e bioquímicos da toxicidade de Pb e também as estratégias adotadas pelas plantas para a destoxificação e o desenvolvimento de tolerância ao Pb. Mecanismos de destoxificação ao Pb incluem o seqüestro de Pb no vacúolo, síntese de fitoquelatinas e o acoplamento a glutationa e aminoácidos, etc. A tolerância ao Pb está associada à capacidade das plantas a restringir o metal à parede celular, síntese de osmólitos, e ativação do sistema antioxidante de defesa. Remediação de solos contaminados com Pb usando as tecnologias de fitorremediação e rizofiltração parecem ter grande potencial para a limpeza de solos contaminados com esse metal pesado.

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          Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine

          "This latest edition has been comprehensively rewritten and updated (over 80% of the text is new), whilst maintaining the clarity of its predecessor. There is expanded coverage of isoprostanes and related compounds, mechanisms of oxidative damage to DNA and proteins (and the repair of such damage), the free radical theory of ageing and the roles played by reactive species in signal transduction, cell death, human reproduction, and other important biological events. Greater emphasis has also been placed on the methods available to measure reactive species and oxidative damage (and their potential pitfalls), as well as the importance of antioxidants in the human diet." "This book is recommended as a comprehensive introduction to the field for students, clinicians and researchers, and an invaluable companion to all those interested in the role of free radicals in the life and medical sciences."--BOOK JACKET.
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            Trace elements in soils and plants

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              Phytochelatin biosynthesis and function in heavy-metal detoxification.

              C Cobbett (2000)
              Plants respond to heavy-metal toxicity via a number of mechanisms. One such mechanism involves the chelation of heavy metals by a family of peptide ligands, the phytochelatins. Molecular genetic approaches have resulted in important advances in our understanding of phytochelatin biosynthesis. In particular, genes encoding the enzyme phytochelatin synthase have been isolated from plant and yeast species. Unexpectedly, genes with similar sequences to those encoding phytochelatin synthase have been identified in some animal species.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bjpp
                Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology
                Braz. J. Plant Physiol.
                Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology (Campos dos Goytacazes )
                1677-9452
                March 2005
                : 17
                : 1
                : 35-52
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
                Article
                S1677-04202005000100004
                10.1590/S1677-04202005000100004
                92d47d66-904d-4515-a94c-4ae9d5e3be78

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1677-0420&lng=en
                Categories
                PLANT SCIENCES

                Plant science & Botany
                antioxidant defense system,detoxification,lead,osmolytes,toxicity,phytochelatin,phytoremediation,rhizofiltration,tolerance,chumbo,destoxificação,fitoquelatina,fitorremediação,osmólitos,rizofiltração,sistema de defesa antioxidante,tolerância,toxicidade

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