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      Effect of Soil Nutrient on Production and Diversity of Volatile Terpenoids from Plants

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          Abstract

          Terpenoid production (emission and storage) within foliage plays direct and indirect defensive and protective functions for the plant, mediates complex trophic relationships and controls the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. Both biotic and abiotic conditions alter terpenoid production, with herbivory, light and temperature effects being reasonably well understood. In this manuscript, the state of the science about nutrient effect on terpenoid production is reviewed. The focus is on isoprene emissions and mono- and sesquiterpenoid emissions and concentrations according to fertilizing treatments and their potential interaction with other environmental factors. Ecological, physiological, biochemical and biophysical hypothesis formulated over research investigations are exposed and several points are highlighted as future research perspectives which could help to elucidate the apparent contrasting results.

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          BVOCs and global change.

          Josep Peñuelas, Michael Staudt (2010)
          Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) produced by plants are involved in plant growth, reproduction and defense. They are emitted from vegetation into the atmosphere and have significant effects on other organisms and on atmospheric chemistry and physics. Here, we review current knowledge on the alteration of BVOC emission rates due to climate and global changes: warming, drought, land use changes, high atmospheric CO(2) concentrations, ozone and enhanced UV radiation. These alterations are very variable depending on the doses, timing, BVOC and species, but in overall terms are likely to increase BVOC emissions. These changed emissions can lead to unforeseeable consequences for the biosphere structure and functioning, and can disturb biosphere feedback on atmospheric chemistry and climate with a direction and intensity that warrants in-depth investigation. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            The effects of abiotic factors on induced volatile emissions in corn plants.

            Sandrine P Gouinguené, Ted C J Turlings (2002)
            Many plants respond to herbivory by releasing a specific blend of volatiles that is attractive to natural enemies of the herbivores. In corn (Zea mays), this induced odor blend is mainly composed of terpenoids and indole. The induced signal varies with plant species and genotype, but little is known about the variation due to abiotic factors. Here, we tested the effect of soil humidity, air humidity, temperature, light, and fertilization rate on the emission of induced volatiles in young corn plants. Each factor was tested separately under constant conditions for the other factors. Plants released more when standing in dry soil than in wet soil, whereas for air humidity, the optimal release was found at around 60% relative humidity. Temperatures between 22 degrees C and 27 degrees C led to a higher emission than lower or higher temperatures. Light intensity had a dramatic effect. The emission of volatiles did not occur in the dark and increased steadily with an increase in the light intensity. An experiment with an unnatural light-dark cycle showed that the release was fully photophase dependent. Fertilization also had a strong positive effect; the emission of volatiles was minimal when plants were grown under low nutrition, even when results were corrected for plant biomass. Changes in all abiotic factors caused small but significant changes in the relative ratios among the different compounds (quality) in the induced odor blends, except for air humidity. Hence, climatic conditions and nutrient availability can be important factors in determining the intensity and variability in the release of induced plant volatiles.
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              Metabolic costs of terpenoid accumulation in higher plants.

              J. Gershenzon (1994)
              The net value of any plant trait can be assessed by measuring the costs and benefits associated with that trait. While the other contributors to this issue examine the possible benefits of terpenoids to plants, this article explores the metabolic costs of terpenoid accumulation in plants in the light of recent advances in terpenoid biochemistry. Terpenoids are more expensive to manufacture per gram than most other primary and secondary metabolites due to their extensive chemical reduction. The enzyme costs of making terpenoids are also high since terpenoid biosynthetic enzymes are apparently not shared with other metabolic pathways. In fact, plant cells may even possess more than one set of enzymes for catalyzing the basic steps of terpenoid formation. Terpenoids are usually sequestered in complex, multicellular secretory structures, and so storage costs for these substances are also likely to be substantial. However, not all of the processes involved in terpenoid accumulation require large investments of resources. For instance, the maintenance of terpenoid pools is probably inexpensive because there is no evidence that substantial quantities of terpenes are lost as a result of metabolic turnover, volatilization, or leaching. Moreover, plants may reduce their net terpenoid costs by employing individual compounds in more than one role or by catabolizing substances that are no longer needed, although it is still unclear if such practices are widespread. These findings (and other facets of terpenoid biochemistry and physiology) are discussed in relation to the assumptions and predictions of several current theories of plant defense, including the carbonnutrient balance hypothesis, the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis, and the resource availability hypothesis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Bioact Compd
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Bioact Compd
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CBC
                Title: Current Bioactive Compounds
                Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1573-4072
                ISSN (Electronic): 1875-6646
                Publication date (Print): January 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): January 2012
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 71-79
                Affiliations
                Aix-Marseille University – Equipe Diversité et Fonctionnement : des Molécules aux Ecosystèmes - Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie (IMBE) (marine et continentale) UMR 7263 CNRS. Centre St Charles, Case 4, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France
                Author notes
                [* ]Address correspondence to this author at the Aix-Marseille University – Equipe Diversité et Fonctionnement : des Molécules aux Ecosystèmes - Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie (marine et continentale) UMR 7263 CNRS. Centre St Charles, Case 4, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France; Tel: +33 (0) 4 13 55 12 26; Fax: +33 (0) 4 13 55 11 51; E-mail: elena.ormeno-lafuente@ 123456imbe.fr
                Article
                Publisher ID: CBC-8-71
                DOI: 10.2174/157340712799828188
                PMC ID: 3474957
                PubMed ID: 23097639
                SO-VID: 92eff9a5-53fc-4038-a5de-492373d27962
                Copyright © © 2012 Bentham Science Publishers
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/), which permits unrestrictive use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 15 September 2011
                Date revision received : 19 December 2011
                Date accepted : 30 December 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: interaction. ,storage,emissions,monoterpenoids,phosphorus,chemical defenses,isoprene,nitrogen
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: interaction. , storage, emissions, monoterpenoids, phosphorus, chemical defenses, isoprene, nitrogen

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