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      Translation, cultural adaptation and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Falls Risk Awareness Questionnaire (FRAQ): FRAQ-Brazil

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          Abstract

          Objective

          This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the Falls Risk Awareness Questionnaire (FRAQ) for the elderly Brazilian population as well as to evaluate the internal consistency and reliability of this instrument.

          Method

          The study used internationally accepted guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation process. The questionnaire in its final Portuguese version was then applied to 120 elderly people to assess the measurement properties. The participants were interviewed twice in the first assessment (examiners 1 and 2 at an interval of 30to60minutes) and again after 2 to 7 days by examiner 1. The internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach' s alpha coefficient. To evaluate the reliability of the intra- and inter-evaluators, the Kappa coefficient for categorical variables was used; for numeric variables, the intra-class correlation coefficient (2-way mixed model) and the respective 95% confidence intervals were used in addition to the concordance test of Bland and Altman.

          Results

          The Brazilian version of the FRAQ was obtained while maintaining a semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence. The internal consistency was α=0.95, while for intra-examiner reliability, an intrarater correlation coefficient (ICC-3,1) of 0.91 was obtained with an intra-class correlation Kappa coefficient of 0.89 and a Bland and Altman mean difference (bias) of -0.52. Regarding the inter-examiner reliability, the ICC=0.78, Kappa=0.76 and bias=0.12.

          Conclusions

          The translation and cultural adaptation of the FRAQ for the elderly Brazilian population was successfully performed. The instrument demonstrated excellent reliability and internal consistency, thus making it useful for assessing the perception of the risk of a fall among elderly Brazilians.

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          Most cited references154

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          Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests

          Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334
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            Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.

            In clinical measurement comparison of a new measurement technique with an established one is often needed to see whether they agree sufficiently for the new to replace the old. Such investigations are often analysed inappropriately, notably by using correlation coefficients. The use of correlation is misleading. An alternative approach, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, is described, together with the relation between this analysis and the assessment of repeatability.
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              Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM.

              Reliability, the consistency of a test or measurement, is frequently quantified in the movement sciences literature. A common metric is the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In addition, the SEM, which can be calculated from the ICC, is also frequently reported in reliability studies. However, there are several versions of the ICC, and confusion exists in the movement sciences regarding which ICC to use. Further, the utility of the SEM is not fully appreciated. In this review, the basics of classic reliability theory are addressed in the context of choosing and interpreting an ICC. The primary distinction between ICC equations is argued to be one concerning the inclusion (equations 2,1 and 2,k) or exclusion (equations 3,1 and 3,k) of systematic error in the denominator of the ICC equation. Inferential tests of mean differences, which are performed in the process of deriving the necessary variance components for the calculation of ICC values, are useful to determine if systematic error is present. If so, the measurement schedule should be modified (removing trials where learning and/or fatigue effects are present) to remove systematic error, and ICC equations that only consider random error may be safely used. The use of ICC values is discussed in the context of estimating the effects of measurement error on sample size, statistical power, and correlation attenuation. Finally, calculation and application of the SEM are discussed. It is shown how the SEM and its variants can be used to construct confidence intervals for individual scores and to determine the minimal difference needed to be exhibited for one to be confident that a true change in performance of an individual has occurred.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Braz J Phys Ther
                Braz J Phys Ther
                Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy
                Associação Brasileira de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia
                1413-3555
                1809-9246
                Nov-Dec 2013
                : 17
                : 6
                : 593-605
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Physical Therapy Department, Faculdade União das Américas (UNIAMÉRICA), Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
                [2 ] Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Anália Rosário Lopes, Rua da Cosmoética, 1847, Jardim Tamanduazinho, CEP 85853-755, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil. e-mail: analialopes80@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                10.1590/S1413-35552012005000128
                4207150
                24346294
                92f9eb00-2fa5-4bd2-b888-1feee6a04276

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 10 February 2013
                : 10 June 2013
                : 05 July 2013
                Categories
                Original Articles

                questionnaires,translations,reproducibility of results,accidental falls,physical therapy

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