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      Exposures to structural racism and racial discrimination among pregnant and early post‐partum Black women living in Oakland, California

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          Abstract

          Research supports that exposure to stressors (e.g., perceived stress and racism) during pregnancy can negatively impact the immune system, which may lead to infection and ultimately increases the risk for having a preterm or low-birthweight infant. It is well known that Black women report higher levels of stressors at multiple timepoints across pregnancy compared with women of all other racial and ethnic groups. This study addresses gaps in the literature by describing pregnant and early post-partum Black women’s exposures to structural racism and self-reported experiences of racial discrimination, and the extent to which these factors are related. We used a cross-sectional study design to collect data related to exposures to racism from pregnant and early post-partum Black women residing in Oakland, California, from January 2016 to December 2017. Comparative analysis revealed that living in highly deprived race + income neighborhoods was associated with experiencing racial discrimination in three or more situational domains ( p = .01). Findings show that Black women are exposed to high levels of racism that may have negative impacts on maternal health outcomes.

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          Most cited references39

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          STRUCTURAL RACISM AND HEALTH INEQUITIES: Old Issues, New Directions.

          Racial minorities bear a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality. These inequities might be explained by racism, given the fact that racism has restricted the lives of racial minorities and immigrants throughout history. Recent studies have documented that individuals who report experiencing racism have greater rates of illnesses. While this body of research has been invaluable in advancing knowledge on health inequities, it still locates the experiences of racism at the individual level. Yet, the health of social groups is likely most strongly affected by structural, rather than individual, phenomena. The structural forms of racism and their relationship to health inequities remain under-studied. This article reviews several ways of conceptualizing structural racism, with a focus on social segregation, immigration policy, and intergenerational effects. Studies of disparities should more seriously consider the multiple dimensions of structural racism as fundamental causes of health disparities.
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            Invited commentary: "race," racism, and the practice of epidemiology.

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              Public Health Monitoring of Privilege and Deprivation With the Index of Concentration at the Extremes.

              We evaluated use of the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) for public health monitoring.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Stress and Health
                Stress Health
                Wiley
                1532-3005
                1532-2998
                April 2020
                April 2020
                : 36
                : 2
                : 213-219
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, School of MedicineUniversity of California, San Francisco San Francisco California
                [2 ]California Preterm Birth InitiativeUniversity of California, San Francisco San Francisco California
                [3 ]Family Health Care Nursing DepartmentUniversity of California, San Francisco San Francisco California
                [4 ]Family and Child Nursing Department, School of NursingUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
                [5 ]School of Public HealthUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley California
                [6 ]Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences DepartmentUniversity of California, San Francisco San Francisco California
                [7 ]Sexual Health and Reproductive Equity Program, School of Social WelfareUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley California
                [8 ]Physiological Nursing DepartmentUniversity of California, San Francisco San Francisco California
                [9 ]Central Valley Health Policy InstituteCalifornia State University Fresno California
                [10 ]Center for Health and Community, Psychiatry DepartmentUniversity of California, San Francisco San Francisco California
                [11 ]Expecting JusticeSan Francisco Department of Public Health San Francisco California
                [12 ]LifeLong Medical Care Brookside San Pablo California
                Article
                10.1002/smi.2922
                7269549
                31919987
                93237d7d-b8cd-44ad-9f93-5fed89e50371
                © 2020

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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