Alcohol Intake and Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess whether alcohol intake is associated with the risk of thyroid cancer by a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Materials and Methods

We searched PubMed and EMBASE in June of 2015 to locate eligible studies. We included observational studies such as cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies reporting odd ratios (ORs) or relative risk (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

We included 33 observational studies with two cross-sectional studies, 20 case-controls studies, and 11 cohort studies, which involved a total of 7,725 thyroid cancer patients and 3,113,679 participants without thyroid cancer in the final analysis. In the fixed-effect model meta-analysis of all 33 studies, we found that alcohol intake was consistently associated with a decreased risk of thyroid cancer (OR or RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.83; I ²=38.6%). In the subgroup meta-analysis by type of study, alcohol intake also decreased the risk of thyroid cancer in both case-control studies (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.92; I ²=29.5%; n=20) and cohort studies (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.82; I ²=0%; n=11). Moreover, subgroup meta-analyses by type of thyroid cancer, gender, amount of alcohol consumed, and methodological quality of study showed that alcohol intake was significantly associated with a decreased risk of thyroid cancer.

Conclusion

The current meta-analysis of observational studies found that, unlike most of other types of cancer, alcohol intake decreased the risk of thyroid cancer.

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Most cited references 32

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Obesity and thyroid cancer risk among U.S. men and women: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies.

Catherine Schairer, A Hsing, Martha Linet … (2011)

Thyroid cancer incidence has risen dramatically in the United States since the early 1980s. Although the prevalence of obesity has doubled during this time period, the relationship between obesity and thyroid cancer is uncertain. We examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and thyroid cancer risk in a pooled analysis of five prospective U.S. studies, including 413,979 women and 434,953 men. Proportional hazards models with attained age as the time metric were adjusted for education, race, marital status, smoking, alcohol intake, and (where appropriate) cohort and sex. Over follow-up (mean=10.3 years), 768 women and 388 men were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. The risk of thyroid cancer was greater with increasing BMI [per 5 kg/m2: HR in women, 1.16 (95% CI, 1.08-1.24); HR in men, 1.21 (95% CI, 0.97-1.49)]. There was no significant heterogeneity between studies (both P>0.05). For women and men combined, the HRs for overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (≥30 kg/m2) compared with normal-weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) were 1.20 (95% CI, 1.04-1.38) and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.31-1.79), respectively. We found no significant effect modification by other factors, and the results did not differ significantly by histologic type. A significant positive association for BMI in young adulthood (ages 18-20) with thyroid cancer risk was also observed [per 5-kg/m2 increase: HR, 1.18 (95% CI, 1.03-1.35)]. BMI was positively associated with thyroid cancer risk in both men and women. Our study provides strong evidence that obesity is an independent risk factor for thyroid cancer. ©2011 AACR.

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Risk factors for thyroid cancer: an epidemiological review focused on nutritional factors.

Cristina Bosetti, Carlo La Vecchia, Silvia Franceschi … (2009)

The present review summarizes epidemiological evidence on risk factors for thyroid cancer (TC), in particular, nutritional factors. Searches of articles on the issue were conducted using MEDLINE. Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly during childhood, is the best-established risk factor for TC. There is also a strong association with history of benign nodules/adenoma or goiter. Iodine deficiency may induce an increasing incidence of benign thyroid conditions, but very high iodine intake also affects thyroid function and, possibly, TC risk. Among dietary factors, fish-the major natural source of iodine in human diet-is not consistently related to TC risk. High intake of cruciferous vegetables shows a weak inverse association with TC. Among other food groups, vegetables other than cruciferous are the only food group showing a favorable effect on TC, with an approximate 20% reduction in risk for subjects with the highest consumption. No effect on TC risk of alcohol, coffee, or other food-groups/nutrients emerged. Height and weight at diagnosis show a moderate positive association with TC risk. At present, the only recognized measures for reducing TC risk is to avoid ionizing radiation and iodine deficiency, particularly in childhood and young women, and to increase vegetable consumption.

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Nonradiation risk factors for thyroid cancer in the US Radiologic Technologists Study.

David B. Alexander, Amy Berrington de Gonzalez, Sara Schonfeld … (2010)

The incidence of thyroid cancer has been rapidly increasing in the United States, but few risk factors have been established. The authors prospectively examined the associations of self-reported medical history, anthropometric factors, and behavioral factors with thyroid cancer risk among 90,713 US radiologic technologists (69,506 women and 21,207 men) followed from 1983 through 2006. Incident thyroid cancers in 242 women and 40 men were reported. Elevated risks were observed for women with benign thyroid conditions (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73, 3.20), benign breast disease (HR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.26), asthma (HR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.83), and body mass index > or =35.0 versus 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2) (HR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.94; P-trend = 0.04). Current smoking was inversely associated with thyroid cancer risk (HR = 0.54). No clear associations emerged for reproductive factors, other medical conditions, alcohol intake, or physical activity. Despite few thyroid cancers in men, men with benign thyroid conditions had a significantly increased risk of thyroid cancer (HR = 4.65, 95% CI: 1.62, 13.34), and results for other risk factors were similar to those for women. Consistent with prior studies, obesity and benign thyroid conditions increased and current smoking decreased the risk of thyroid cancer. The novel findings for benign breast disease and asthma warrant further investigation.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cancer Res Treat

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cancer Res Treat

Journal ID (publisher-id): CRT

Title: Cancer Research and Treatment : Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association

Publisher: Korean Cancer Association

ISSN (Print): 1598-2998

ISSN (Electronic): 2005-9256

Publication date (Print): April 2017

Publication date (Electronic): 7 July 2016

Volume: 49

Issue: 2

Pages: 534-547

Affiliations

[1 ]Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Food and Nutrition Major, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu, Korea

[2 ]Department of Cancer Control and Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea

[3 ]Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea

[4 ]Department of Family Medicine, Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea

[5 ]School of Nursing, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu, Korea

Author notes

Correspondence: Seung-Kwon Myung, MD, PhD, Department of Cancer Control and Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Korea Tel: 82-31-920-0479 Fax: 82-31-920-2606 E-mail: msk@ 123456ncc.re.kr

Article

Publisher ID: crt-2016-161

DOI: 10.4143/crt.2016.161

PMC ID: 5398382

PubMed ID: 27456949

SO-VID: 933c98bf-c677-4898-845f-ca47c964e298

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Alcohol Intake and Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

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Abstract

Purpose

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusion

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Karger: Oncology

Most cited references 32

Obesity and thyroid cancer risk among U.S. men and women: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies.

Risk factors for thyroid cancer: an epidemiological review focused on nutritional factors.

Nonradiation risk factors for thyroid cancer in the US Radiologic Technologists Study.

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