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      Wide geographic distribution of overlooked parasites: Rare Microsporidia in Gammarus balcanicus, a species complex with a high rate of endemism

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          Abstract

          Parasites and other symbionts deeply influence host organisms, and no living organism can be considered to have evolved independent of its symbionts. The first step towards understanding symbiotic influences upon host organisms is a strong supporting knowledge of parasite/symbiont diversity. Parasites of freshwater amphipods are diverse, with Microsporidia being a major group. These intracellular parasites impact gammarid fitness in different ways, ranging from reduced fitness to increased fecundity. Many Microsporidia have been recorded using molecular data, with multiple taxa pending formal taxonomic description. While some parasites are common, others are known only through sporadic records of single infections. In this study, we focus on rare/sporadic microsporidian infections within Gammarus balcanicus, a host species complex with a high level of endemism. In addition to enriching our knowledge on Microsporidia parasite diversity in amphipod hosts, we test whether these symbionts are specific to G. balcanicus or if they are the same taxa infecting other gammarid species. Of 2231 hosts from 87 sites, we catalogued 29 sequences of “rare” Microsporidia clustering into 19 haplogroups. These haplogroups cluster into 11 lineages: four pre-described taxa ( Cucumispora roeselum, C. ornata, C. dikerogammari and Enterocytospora artemiae) and seven ‘Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units’, which are known from previously published studies to infect other European amphipod species. Our study significantly widens the geographic range of these Microsporidia and expands the known spectrum of hosts infected. Our results suggest that these parasites are ancient infections of European gammarids. For some host-parasite systems, we hypothesize that the common parasite ancestors that infected the hosts' common ancestors, diversified alongside host diversification. For others, we observe Microsporidia taxa with wide host ranges that do not follow host phylogeny.

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          Highlights

          • Microsporidia infect a wide range of host but are well studied for the most abundant parasite taxa.

          • Amphipods are common microsporidian hosts but knowledge on parasite diversity remains partial.

          • Gammarus balcanicus species complex is a perfect host to study evolutionary history of rare Microsporidia.

          • All Microsporidia found in G. balcanicus are ancient infections in the European gammarids.

          • Some Microsporidia co-diversified with the host, while the others did not follow the host phylogeny.

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          MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability

          We report a major update of the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. This version has several new features, including options for adding unaligned sequences into an existing alignment, adjustment of direction in nucleotide alignment, constrained alignment and parallel processing, which were implemented after the previous major update. This report shows actual examples to explain how these features work, alone and in combination. Some examples incorrectly aligned by MAFFT are also shown to clarify its limitations. We discuss how to avoid misalignments, and our ongoing efforts to overcome such limitations.
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            Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data

            Summary: The two main functions of bioinformatics are the organization and analysis of biological data using computational resources. Geneious Basic has been designed to be an easy-to-use and flexible desktop software application framework for the organization and analysis of biological data, with a focus on molecular sequences and related data types. It integrates numerous industry-standard discovery analysis tools, with interactive visualizations to generate publication-ready images. One key contribution to researchers in the life sciences is the Geneious public application programming interface (API) that affords the ability to leverage the existing framework of the Geneious Basic software platform for virtually unlimited extension and customization. The result is an increase in the speed and quality of development of computation tools for the life sciences, due to the functionality and graphical user interface available to the developer through the public API. Geneious Basic represents an ideal platform for the bioinformatics community to leverage existing components and to integrate their own specific requirements for the discovery, analysis and visualization of biological data. Availability and implementation: Binaries and public API freely available for download at http://www.geneious.com/basic, implemented in Java and supported on Linux, Apple OSX and MS Windows. The software is also available from the Bio-Linux package repository at http://nebc.nerc.ac.uk/news/geneiousonbl. Contact: peter@biomatters.com
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              jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl
                Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl
                International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife
                Elsevier
                2213-2244
                15 January 2021
                April 2021
                15 January 2021
                : 14
                : 121-129
                Affiliations
                [a ]Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
                [b ]Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Poland. karolina.bacela@ 123456biol.uni.lodz.pl
                Article
                S2213-2244(21)00003-1
                10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.01.004
                7876520
                33604238
                933fa2a5-86fc-473b-b526-169e67b70aca
                © 2021 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 27 November 2020
                : 10 January 2021
                : 10 January 2021
                Categories
                Article

                parasite richness,host-parasite association,amphipoda,geographic range,host range

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