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      Molecular analysis of Dirofilaria repens removed from a subcutaneous nodule in a Japanese woman after a tour to Europe Translated title: Analyse moléculaire de Dirofilaria repens retiré d’un nodule sous-cutané chez une femme japonaise après un voyage en Europe

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          Abstract

          A premature female Dirofilaria species, subsequently identified as Dirofilaria repens by its morphological features and mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA ( 12S rRNA) gene sequence, was removed from a subcutaneous nodule of the right temporal region of the head in a Japanese woman 2 years after she noticed swelling of her left calf following an insect sting during a tour to Europe; headache symptoms were noticed a few months later. The sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes from the organism were almost identical to those of sequences AM779772 (100% homology, 337/337) and AM749233 (99.8% homology, 536/537) of D. repens isolated from humans in Italy. However, the phylogenetic position of the 18S rRNA-internal transcribed spacer 1-5.8S rRNA region was in the same cluster as that of sequence JX290195 of Dirofilaria sp. “ hongkongensis” (96.7% homology, 348/360), which was recently reported from Hong Kong as a novel Dirofilaria species. Information on regional genetic variation in D. repens isolated from animals and humans remains scarce. We report the detailed genetic features of this filaria as a reference isolate from a specific endemic area, to enrich the genetic database of D. repens.

          Translated abstract

          Une femelle immature de Dirofilaria, par la suite identifiée comme Dirofilaria repens par ses caractéristiques morphologiques et la séquence du gène de son ARN ribosomique mitochondrial 12S (ARNr 12S), a été retirée d’un nodule sous-cutané de la région temporale droite de la tête d’une femme japonaise, deux ans après qu’elle ait remarqué un gonflement de son mollet gauche suite à une piqûre d’insecte lors d’un voyage d’agrément en Europe. Des symptômes de maux de tête ont été remarqués quelques mois plus tard. Les séquences des gènes de l’ARNr mitochondrial 12S et de la sous-unité I de la cytochrome c oxydase de l’organisme étaient presque identiques à celles des séquences AM779772 (100 % d’homologie, 337/337) et AM749233 (99,8 % d’homologie, 536/537) de D. repens, isolées chez l’homme en Italie. Cependant, la position phylogénétique de la région intercalaire 1-5.8S de l’ARNr 18S était dans le même groupe que celui de la séquence JX290195 de Dirofilaria sp. “ hongkongensis” (96.7 % d’homologie, 348/360), qui a été récemment rapporté à Hong Kong comme une nouvelle espèce de Dirofilaria. Les informations sur la variation génétique régionale de D. repens isolés chez les animaux et les humains restent rares. Nous rapportons les caractéristiques génétiques détaillées de cette filaire comme isolat de référence d’une zone endémique spécifique, pour enrichir la base de données génétique de D. repens.

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          Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe

          Presently, 45% of the total human population of Europe, as well as their domestic and companion animals, are exposed to the risk of vector-borne helminths (VBH) causing diseases. A plethora of intrinsic biological and extrinsic factors affect the relationship among helminths, vectors and animal hosts, in a constantly changing environment. Although canine dirofilarioses by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are key examples of the success of VBH spreading into non-endemic areas, another example is represented by Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm, an emergent pathogen of dogs, cats and humans in several regions of Europe. The recent finding of Onchocerca lupi causing canine and human infestation in Europe and overseas renders the picture of VBH even more complicated. Similarly, tick-transmitted filarioids of the genus Cercopithifilaria infesting the skin of dogs were recently shown to be widespread in Europe. Although for most of the VBH above there is an increasing accumulation of research data on their distribution at national level, the overall impact of the diseases they cause in dogs and humans is not fully recognised in many aspects. This review investigates the reasons underlying the increasing trend in distribution of VBH in Europe and discusses the diagnostic and control strategies currently available. In addition, this article provides the authors’ opinion on some topics related to VBH that would deserve further scientific investigation.
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            A novel Dirofilaria species causing human and canine infections in Hong Kong.

            Dirofilariasis is globally the commonest manifestation of zoonotic filariasis. We report the detection of a novel canine species causing human and canine dirofilariasis in Hong Kong. Three human cases occurring over 10 months were identified, one presenting with cervical lymphadenopathy, one with an abdominal subcutaneous mass, and one with a subconjunctival nodule. Transected worms recovered from the resected abdominal subcutaneous mass were morphologically compatible with Dirofilaria. The cox1 gene sequences of the three human isolates were identical; however, they were only 96.2% and 89.3% identical to the cox1 gene of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis, respectively. Sequencing of the 18S-ITS1-5.8S gene cluster was successful in the intact worm, and the nucleotide sequences were 94.0% and 94.9% identical to those of D. repens and D. immitis, respectively. Screening of the blood samples from 200 dogs and 100 cats showed the presence of the novel Dirofilaria species in 3% (6/200) of the dogs' but none of the cats' blood samples. Nucleotide sequences of the cox1 gene and 18S-ITS1-5.8S gene clusters of the dogs' samples were identical to those in the human samples. The sera of canines infected by this novel Dirofilaria species were negative when tested with the SNAP 4Dx D. immitis detection kit, except in the case of dogs with a mixed infection with D. immitis as detected by PCR. The results from this study suggest that this novel Dirofilaria species is a cause of filarial infection in humans and dogs in Hong Kong. We propose to name this Dirofilaria species "Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis."
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              Dirofilaria repens Infection and Concomitant Meningoencephalitis

              Dirofilaria repens, a filarial nematode of dogs and other carnivores, can accidentally infect humans. Clinical symptoms are usually restricted to a subcutaneous nodule containing a single infertile parasite. Here, we report a case of D. repens infection with a subcutaneous gravid worm and the patient’s concomitant meningoencephalitis and aphasia.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2015
                27 January 2015
                : 22
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2015/01 )
                : 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health 3-24-1 Hyakunincho Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073 Japan
                [2 ] Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
                [3 ] Department of Dermatology, Saiseikai Central Hospital 1-4-17 Mita Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0073 Japan
                [4 ] Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: skobaya@ 123456z7.keio.jp
                Article
                parasite140076 10.1051/parasite/2015002
                10.1051/parasite/2015002
                4306022
                25619827
                936e0d1a-8e41-454b-9785-6f983f6a771f
                © J. Suzuki et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2015

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 17 July 2014
                : 15 January 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Research Article

                dirofilaria repens,imported dirofilariasis,ribosomal rna genes,mitochondrial genes,phylogenetic analysis

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