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      Interleukin (IL)-23 mediates Toxoplasma gondii–induced immunopathology in the gut via matrixmetalloproteinase-2 and IL-22 but independent of IL-17

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          Abstract

          Peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii leads to the development of small intestinal inflammation dependent on Th1 cytokines. The role of Th17 cells in ileitis is unknown. We report interleukin (IL)-23–mediated gelatinase A (matrixmetalloproteinase [MMP]-2) up-regulation in the ileum of infected mice. MMP-2 deficiency as well as therapeutic or prophylactic selective gelatinase blockage protected mice from the development of T. gondii–induced immunopathology. Moreover, IL-23–dependent up-regulation of IL-22 was essential for the development of ileitis, whereas IL-17 was down-regulated and dispensable. CD4 + T cells were the main source of IL-22 in the small intestinal lamina propria. Thus, IL-23 regulates small intestinal inflammation via IL-22 but independent of IL-17. Gelatinases may be useful targets for treatment of intestinal inflammation.

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          Most cited references35

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          Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain.

          Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric molecule composed of p35 and p40 subunits. Analyses in vitro have defined IL-12 as an important factor for the differentiation of naive T cells into T-helper type 1 CD4+ lymphocytes secreting interferon-gamma (refs 1, 2). Similarly, numerous studies have concluded that IL-12 is essential for T-cell-dependent immune and inflammatory responses in vivo, primarily through the use of IL-12 p40 gene-targeted mice and neutralizing antibodies against p40. The cytokine IL-23, which comprises the p40 subunit of IL-12 but a different p19 subunit, is produced predominantly by macrophages and dendritic cells, and shows activity on memory T cells. Evidence from studies of IL-23 receptor expression and IL-23 overexpression in transgenic mice suggest, however, that IL-23 may also affect macrophage function directly. Here we show, by using gene-targeted mice lacking only IL-23 and cytokine replacement studies, that the perceived central role for IL-12 in autoimmune inflammation, specifically in the brain, has been misinterpreted and that IL-23, and not IL-12, is the critical factor in this response. In addition, we show that IL-23, unlike IL-12, acts more broadly as an end-stage effector cytokine through direct actions on macrophages.
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            Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bowel disease.

            Interleukin (IL) 17 is a cytokine which exerts strong proinflammatory activities. In this study we evaluated changes in IL-17 expression in the inflamed mucosa and in the serum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tissue samples were obtained endoscopically or surgically from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) (n=20), Crohn's disease (CD) (n=20), infectious colitis (n=5), ischaemic colitis (n=8), and normal colorectal tissues (n=15). IL-17 expression was evaluated by a standard immunohistochemical procedure. Serum IL-17 levels were determined by ELISA. IL-17 mRNA expression was analysed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. IL-17 expression was not detected in samples from normal colonic mucosa, infectious colitis, or ischaemic colitis. In the inflamed mucosa of active UC and CD patients, IL-17 expression was clearly detectable in CD3(+) T cells or CD68(+) monocytes/macrophages. The average number of IL-17(+) cells was significantly increased in active UC and CD patients compared with inactive patients. IL-17 mRNA expression was not detected in normal mucosa but was detectable in the mucosa from active UC and CD patients. IL-17 was not detected in the sera from normal individuals, infectious colitis, or ischaemic colitis patients but IL-17 levels were significantly elevated in IBD patients. IL-17 expression in the mucosa and serum was increased in IBD patients. It is likely that IL-17 expression in IBD may be associated with altered immune and inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa.
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              Production of interleukin 22 but not interleukin 17 by a subset of human skin-homing memory T cells.

              Interleukin 22 (IL-22) is a cytokine produced by the T(H)-17 lineage of helper T cells and NK-22 subset of natural killer cells that acts on epithelial cells and keratinocytes and has been linked to skin homeostasis and inflammation. Here we characterize a population of human skin-homing memory CD4(+) T cells that expressed the chemokine receptors CCR10, CCR6 and CCR4 and produced IL-22 but neither IL-17 nor interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Clones isolated from this population produced IL-22 only and had low or undetectable expression of the T(H)-17 and T helper type 1 (T(H)1) transcription factors RORgammat and T-bet. The differentiation of T cells producing only IL-22 was efficiently induced in naive T cells by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in an IL-6- and tumor necrosis factor-dependent way. Our findings delineate a previously unknown subset of human CD4(+) effector T cells dedicated to skin pathophysiology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Exp Med
                J. Exp. Med
                jem
                The Journal of Experimental Medicine
                The Rockefeller University Press
                0022-1007
                1540-9538
                21 December 2009
                : 206
                : 13
                : 3047-3059
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and [2 ]Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
                [3 ]Institute of Biochemistry and [4 ]Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Campus Mitte, Charité Medical School, 10117 Berlin, Germany
                [5 ]Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
                [6 ]Molecular Mouse Genetics, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
                [7 ]Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
                [8 ]Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
                [9 ]Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
                [10 ]Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
                [11 ]Molecular Biology Department and [12 ]Immunology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
                [13 ]Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
                Author notes
                CORRESPONDENCE Oliver Liesenfeld: oliver.liesenfeld@ 123456charite.de

                M. Muñoz and M.M. Heimesaat contributed equally to this paper.

                Article
                20090900
                10.1084/jem.20090900
                2806449
                19995958
                9370c75a-846e-4c68-a302-d19920f866a9
                © 2009 Muñoz et al.

                This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.jem.org/misc/terms.shtml). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).

                History
                : 23 April 2009
                : 3 November 2009
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                Medicine
                Medicine

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