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      Anaerobic reduction of europium by a Clostridium strain as a strategy for rare earth biorecovery

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          Abstract

          The biorecovery of europium (Eu) from primary (mineral deposits) and secondary (mining wastes) resources is of interest due to its remarkable luminescence properties, important for modern technological applications. In this study, we explored the tolerance levels, reduction and intracellular bioaccumulation of Eu by a site-specific bacterium, Clostridium sp. 2611 isolated from Phalaborwa carbonatite complex. Clostridium sp. 2611 was able to grow in minimal medium containing 0.5 mM Eu 3+. SEM-EDX analysis confirmed an association between Eu precipitates and the bacterium, while TEM-EDX analysis indicated intracellular accumulation of Eu. According to the HR-XPS analysis, the bacterium was able to reduce Eu 3+ to Eu 2+ under growth and non-growth conditions. Preliminary protein characterization seems to indicate that a cytoplasmic pyruvate oxidoreductase is responsible for Eu bioreduction. These findings suggest the bioreduction of Eu 3+ by Clostridium sp. as a resistance mechanism, can be exploited for the biorecovery of this metal.

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          Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots.

          Thomas R M Barends, Anton Jetten, Arjan Pol … (2013)
          Growth of Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV, an extremely acidophilic methanotrophic microbe isolated from an Italian volcanic mudpot, is shown to be strictly dependent on the presence of lanthanides, a group of rare earth elements (REEs) such as lanthanum (Ln), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd). After fractionation of the bacterial cells and crystallization of the methanol dehydrogenase (MDH), it was shown that lanthanides were essential as cofactor in a homodimeric MDH comparable with one of the MDHs of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. We hypothesize that the lanthanides provide superior catalytic properties to pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent MDH, which is a key enzyme for both methanotrophs and methylotrophs. Thus far, all isolated MxaF-type MDHs contain calcium as a catalytic cofactor. The gene encoding the MDH of strain SolV was identified to be a xoxF-ortholog, phylogenetically closely related to mxaF. Analysis of the protein structure and alignment of amino acids showed potential REE-binding motifs in XoxF enzymes of many methylotrophs, suggesting that these may also be lanthanide-dependent MDHs. Our findings will have major environmental implications as metagenome studies showed (lanthanide-containing) XoxF-type MDH is much more prominent in nature than MxaF-type enzymes. © 2013 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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            PQQ-dependent methanol dehydrogenases: rare-earth elements make a difference.

            Jan T Keltjens, Arjan Pol, Joachim Reimann … (2014)
            Methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) catalyzes the first step in methanol use by methylotrophic bacteria and the second step in methane conversion by methanotrophs. Gram-negative bacteria possess an MDH with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as its catalytic center. This MDH belongs to the broad class of eight-bladed β propeller quinoproteins, which comprise a range of other alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases. A well-investigated MDH is the heterotetrameric MxaFI-MDH, which is composed of two large catalytic subunits (MxaF) and two small subunits (MxaI). MxaFI-MDHs bind calcium as a cofactor that assists PQQ in catalysis. Genomic analyses indicated the existence of another MDH distantly related to the MxaFI-MDHs. Recently, several of these so-called XoxF-MDHs have been isolated. XoxF-MDHs described thus far are homodimeric proteins lacking the small subunit and possess a rare-earth element (REE) instead of calcium. The presence of such REE may confer XoxF-MDHs a superior catalytic efficiency. Moreover, XoxF-MDHs are able to oxidize methanol to formate, rather than to formaldehyde as MxaFI-MDHs do. While structures of MxaFI- and XoxF-MDH are conserved, also regarding the binding of PQQ, the accommodation of a REE requires the presence of a specific aspartate residue near the catalytic site. XoxF-MDHs containing such REE-binding motif are abundantly present in genomes of methylotrophic and methanotrophic microorganisms and also in organisms that hitherto are not known for such lifestyle. Moreover, sequence analyses suggest that XoxF-MDHs represent only a small part of putative REE-containing quinoproteins, together covering an unexploited potential of metabolic functions.
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              Heavy Metal Pollution from Gold Mines: Environmental Effects and Bacterial Strategies for Resistance

              Muibat Omotola Fashola, Veronica Mpode Ngole-Jeme, Olubukola Oluranti Babalola (2016)
              Mining activities can lead to the generation of large quantities of heavy metal laden wastes which are released in an uncontrolled manner, causing widespread contamination of the ecosystem. Though some heavy metals classified as essential are important for normal life physiological processes, higher concentrations above stipulated levels have deleterious effects on human health and biota. Bacteria able to withstand high concentrations of these heavy metals are found in the environment as a result of various inherent biochemical, physiological, and/or genetic mechanisms. These mechanisms can serve as potential tools for bioremediation of heavy metal polluted sites. This review focuses on the effects of heavy metal wastes generated from gold mining activities on the environment and the various mechanisms used by bacteria to counteract the effect of these heavy metals in their immediate environment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Julio Castillo: castillohernandezj@ufs.ac.za
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 October 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 October 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 14339
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2284 638X, GRID grid.412219.d, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, , University of the Free State, ; Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2284 638X, GRID grid.412219.d, Institution of Groundwater Studies, , University of the Free State, ; Bloemfontein, Free State Republic of South Africa
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2284 638X, GRID grid.412219.d, Department of Physics, , University of the Free State, ; Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
                [4 ]iWATER solutions, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7557-3204
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6913-2499
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-0130
                Article
                Publisher ID: 50179
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50179-z
                PMC ID: 6778152
                PubMed ID: 31586093
                SO-VID: 937a0b0d-c31a-47c3-85fb-89363afcb2f3
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2019
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 13 December 2018
                Date accepted : 25 July 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001321, National Research Foundation (NRF);
                Funded by: Technology and innovation agency (South Africa)
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: applied microbiology,biogeochemistry,environmental sciences
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: applied microbiology, biogeochemistry, environmental sciences

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