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      Reducing Disparities in Tobacco Retailer Density by Banning Tobacco Product Sales Near Schools

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          Abstract

          This study examined whether a policy of banning tobacco product retailers from operating within 1000 feet of schools could reduce existing socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in tobacco retailer density.

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          Is adolescent smoking related to the density and proximity of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising near schools?

          Lisa Henriksen, Ellen C Feighery, Nina C Schleicher … (2008)
          To examine the quantity (density) and location (proximity) of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising in high school neighborhoods and their association with school smoking prevalence. Data from the 135 high schools that participated in the 2005-2006 California Student Tobacco Survey were combined with retailer licensing data about the location of tobacco outlets within walking distance (1/2 mi or 805 m) of the schools and with observations about the quantity of cigarette advertising in a random sample of those stores (n=384). Multiple regressions, adjusting for school and neighborhood demographics, tested the associations of high school smoking prevalence with the density of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising and with the proximity of tobacco outlets to schools. The prevalence of current smoking was 3.2 percentage points higher at schools in neighborhoods with the highest tobacco outlet density (>5 outlets) than in neighborhoods without any tobacco outlets. The density of retail cigarette advertising in school neighborhoods was similarly associated with high school smoking prevalence. However, neither the presence of a tobacco outlet within 1000 ft of a high school nor the distance to the nearest tobacco outlet from school was associated with smoking prevalence. Policy efforts to reduce adolescent smoking should aim to reduce the density of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising in school neighborhoods. This may be achieved through local zoning ordinances, including limiting the proximity of tobacco outlets to schools.
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            Racialized geography, corporate activity, and health disparities: tobacco industry targeting of inner cities.

            Karen E. Malone, Jennifer Przewoznik, Valerie B Yerger (2007)
            Industry has played a complex role in the rise of tobacco-related diseases in the United States. The tobacco industry's activities, including targeted marketing, are arguably among the most powerful corporate influences on health and health policy. We analyzed over 400 internal tobacco industry documents to explore how, during the past several decades, the industry targeted inner cities populated predominantly by low-income African American residents with highly concentrated menthol cigarette marketing. We study how major tobacco companies competed against one another in menthol wars fought within these urban cores. Little previous work has analyzed the way in which the inner city's complex geography of race, class, and place shaped the avenues used by tobacco corporations to increase tobacco use in low-income, predominantly African American urban cores in the 1970s-1990s. Our analysis shows how the industry's activities contributed to the racialized geography of today's tobacco-related health disparities.
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              Predictors of tobacco outlet density nationwide: a geographic analysis.

              Ethan Berke, Daniel Rodriguez, H Palafox-Carlos … (2013)
              To elucidate how demographics of US Census tracts are related to tobacco outlet density (TOD). The authors conducted a nationwide assessment of the association between socio-demographic US Census indicators and the density of tobacco outlets across all 64,909 census tracts in the continental USA. Retail tobacco outlet addresses were determined through North American Industry Classification System codes, and density per 1000 population was estimated for each census tract. Independent variables included urban/rural; proportion of the population that was black, Hispanic and women with low levels of education; proportion of families living in poverty and median household size. In a multivariate analysis, there was a higher TOD per 1000 population in urban than in rural locations. Furthermore, higher TOD was associated with larger proportions of blacks, Hispanics, women with low levels of education and with smaller household size. Urban-rural differences in the relation between demographics and TOD were found in all socio-demographic categories, with the exception of poverty, but were particularly striking for Hispanics, for whom the relation with TOD was 10 times larger in urban compared with rural census tracts. The findings suggest that tobacco outlets are more concentrated in areas where people with higher risk for negative health outcomes reside. Future studies should examine the relation between TOD and smoking, smoking cessation, as well as disease rates.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Nicotine & Tobacco Research
                Abbreviated Title: NICTOB
                Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
                ISSN (Print): 1462-2203
                ISSN (Electronic): 1469-994X
                Publication date Created: January 12 2017
                Publication date (Print): February 26 2017
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 239-244
                Article
                DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw185
                PMC ID: 5234366
                PubMed ID: 27613900
                SO-VID: 93804469-22aa-4014-9110-dc7bea7533df
                Copyright © © 2017
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