Clonal replacement of tumor-specific T cells following PD-1 blockade

Abstract

Immunotherapies that block inhibitory checkpoint receptors on T cells have transformed the clinical care of cancer patients ¹ . However, whether the T cell response to checkpoint blockade relies on reinvigoration of pre-existing tumor infiltrating T cells (TILs) or on recruitment of novel T cells remains unclear ^{2– 4} . Here, we performed paired single-cell RNA (scRNA) and T cell receptor (TCR)- sequencing on 79,046 cells from site-matched tumors from patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) pre- and post-anti-PD-1 therapy. Tracking TCR clones and transcriptional phenotypes revealed a coupling of tumor-recognition, clonal expansion, and T cell dysfunction marked by clonal expansions of CD8 ⁺CD39 ⁺ T cells, which co-expressed markers of chronic T cell activation and exhaustion. However, this expansion did not derive from pre-existing TIL clones; rather, it was comprised of novel clonotypes not previously observed in the same tumor. Clonal replacement of T cells was preferentially observed in exhausted CD8 ⁺ T cells and evident in BCC and SCC patients. These results demonstrate that pre-existing tumor-specific T cells may have limited reinvigoration capacity, and that the T cell response to checkpoint blockade derives from a distinct repertoire of T cell clones that may have just recently entered the tumor.