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Abstract
PD-1 deficiency causes a variety of autoimmune diseases. Inhibitory signaling through
the PD-1 receptor might therefore be involved in the regulation of peripheral tolerance.
The constitutive expression of PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) on parenchymal cells
of heart, lung and kidney suggests that the PD-1-PD-L system could provide unique
negative signaling to help prevent autoimmune diseases.