Effects of Neurointermediate Pituitary Lobectomy and Desmopressin on Acute Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats

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Abstract

Objective: The role of arginine vasopressin (AVP) as a direct immune regulator has not yet been clarified, and more work is needed to assess its involvement in the immunoneuroendocrine network. In the present study, the effects of neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL) and desmopressin (DP), an agonist of AVP, on acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in female Lewis rats were evaluated. The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis was also assessed. Methods: Five groups of rats were used, as follows: (1) sham-operated (SHAM) rats, (2) SHAM + DP rats, (3) NIL rats, (4) NIL + DP rats and (5) untreated normal control rats. DP treatment started 2 weeks after surgery, and immunization to induce EAE was carried out 1 week later. Results: SHAM rats developed full-blown clinical and histological signs of EAE and activation of the HPA axis. SHAM + DP animals had mild clinical signs of EAE, inflammatory infiltrations in the spinal cord and an activated HPA axis. NIL animals developed minimal EAE, scanty spinal cord inflammation and no changes in HPA axis activity. NIL + DP rats developed severe clinical signs of EAE, extensive spinal cord inflammatory infiltrations and marked activation of the HPA axis. Conclusions: NIL decreased the cell-mediated immune response, while DP in NIL animals restored the immune response. AVP is directly involved in the maintenance of immune competence.

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Most cited references 29

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Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age.

F. Antoni (1993)

This article summarizes the importance of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the control of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion, with special reference to interactions with corticotropin releasing factor (CRF-41), glucocorticoids, and the purported corticotropin release inhibiting peptide atriopeptin. AVP that participates in the regulation of ACTH release at the pituitary level is produced in two main groups of neurons in the hypothalamus: parvicellular cells in the paraventricular nucleus, which also produce CRF-41, and magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The role of the latter in anterior pituitary hormone release has been debated for many years. Evidence generated in the last 5 years shows quite convincingly that AVP released by magnocellular neurons is, in fact, also involved in the control of ACTH. Nevertheless, it is clear that corticotrope cells require CRF-41 to maintain their capacity to secrete ACTH. This is at least due partly to the fact that AVP does not increase proopiomelanocortin mRNA transcription, while CRF-41 is a potent inducer of this gene. New developments in the area of corticotrope cell physiology are discussed, highlighting evidence for dual ACTH secreting pathways in anterior pituitary cells, which may be controlled separately by AVP and CRF-41. Evidence for interactions between ACTH secretagogues and peptidergic as well as glucocorticoid inhibitors of ACTH secretion is reviewed to demonstrate that an important aspect of AVP/CRF-41 dualism may be associated with the ability of the secretagogues to selectively modulate the efficacy of inhibitory factors. Finally, by citing examples from physiological studies on the regulation of ACTH secretion, it is shown how the multicomponent hypothalamic regulatory system operates, emphasizing the considerable signal integrating role of the adenohypophysial corticotrope cell.

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Protein hormones and immunity.

Matthew Kelley, D Weigent, Ron Kooijman (2007)

A number of observations and discoveries over the past 20 years support the concept of important physiological interactions between the endocrine and immune systems. The best known pathway for transmission of information from the immune system to the neuroendocrine system is humoral in the form of cytokines, although neural transmission via the afferent vagus is well documented also. In the other direction, efferent signals from the nervous system to the immune system are conveyed by both the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems. Communication is possible because the nervous and immune systems share a common biochemical language involving shared ligands and receptors, including neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, growth factors, neuroendocrine hormones and cytokines. This means that the brain functions as an immune-regulating organ participating in immune responses. A great deal of evidence has accumulated and confirmed that hormones secreted by the neuroendocrine system play an important role in communication and regulation of the cells of the immune system. Among protein hormones, this has been most clearly documented for prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), but significant influences on immunity by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) have also been demonstrated. Here we review evidence obtained during the past 20 years to clearly demonstrate that neuroendocrine protein hormones influence immunity and that immune processes affect the neuroendocrine system. New findings highlight a previously undiscovered route of communication between the immune and endocrine systems that is now known to occur at the cellular level. This communication system is activated when inflammatory processes induced by proinflammatory cytokines antagonize the function of a variety of hormones, which then causes endocrine resistance in both the periphery and brain. Homeostasis during inflammation is achieved by a balance between cytokines and endocrine hormones.

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Central nervous system effects of the neurohypophyseal hormones and related peptides.

D. Oliveira Damazio, M. Fodor, M Diamant (1993)

This review of the CNS effects of the neurohypophyseal hormones and related neuropeptides discusses recent data illustrating the significance of these principles in brain function, synthesis, distribution, in particular in extrahypothalamic brain structures, binding sites, and signal transduction. Binding sites for vasopressin of the vascular V1a type have been found in the CNS and there is evidence for the existence of a subtype of the antidiuretic V2 receptor in the brain. Also two types of oxytocin binding sites have been detected. One widely distributed throughout the CNS is comparable to the uterine type receptor and a sexually dimorphic slightly different type is found in the ventromedial nucleus. Vasopressin and oxytocin can be converted to highly selective C-terminal fragments as AVP-(4-9) and OXT-(4-9) and shorter fragments. Conversely they can be acetylated. This almost completely blocks intrinsic activity in bioassays for central and peripheral effects. Such modifications are a good example of the plasticity of a neuropeptide system. For a number of CNS effects of the neurohypophyseal hormones, the whole molecule is required, as it is for their endocrine effects. This is the case for the influence of vasopressin on social communication, temperature regulation, epilepsy, and barrel rotation which may be an animal model of febrile convulsions, and some aspects of the central regulation of the cardiovascular system and for oxytocin on sexual behavior, social communication, and grooming. Nonendocrine C-terminal conversion products seem to exert their effects exclusively on the brain. These neuropeptides modulate learning and memory processes, social recognition, and rewarded behavior. The neuroendocrine and neuropeptide effect of vasopressin and oxytocin and related neuropeptides often exert their CNS effects in an opposite way. Neurochemical and electrophysiological studies suggest that norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate are the neurotransmitters involved in the influence of the neurohypophyseal hormones and related neuropeptides on brain function. It appears that adequate amounts of vasopressin and oxytocin to induce these effects are released at the appropriate sites of action. It is postulated that the mix of neuropeptides released in the brain in response to environmental changes qualifies the behavioral, neuroendocrine, and immune response and the response of the autonomic nervous and vegetative systems of the organism. Although various other neuropeptides, such as those colocalized in vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons, those produced in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) systems, and others, play a role in the modulation of adaptive responses, the neurohypophyseal hormones are unique in that their production sites in the hypothalamus serve the periphery, the pituitary, and the brain.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): NIM

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neuroimmunomodulation

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1021-7401

Title: Neuroimmunomodulation

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 1021-7401

ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0216

Publication date Subscription-year: 2012

Publication date (Print): March 2012

Publication date (Electronic): 18 January 2012

Volume: 19

Issue: 3

Pages: 148-157

Affiliations

^aDepartamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, ^bDepartamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición ‘Salvador Zubirán’, México City, México; ^cDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and ^dDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada

Author notes

*Dr. Andrés Quintanar-Stephano, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Ags. CP 20131 (Mexico), Tel. +52 449 910 84 23, E-Mail aquinta@correo.uaa.mx

Article

Publisher ID: 330578 Other ID: Neuroimmunomodulation 2012;19:148–157

DOI: 10.1159/000330578

PubMed ID: 22262014

SO-VID: 93b432ad-9b5b-448f-ba31-0c55eca5ac71

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Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

History

Date received : 08 February 2011

Date accepted : 22 June 2011

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Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Pages: 10

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Effects of Neurointermediate Pituitary Lobectomy and Desmopressin on Acute Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats

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Abstract

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Karger: Endocrinology

Most cited references 29

Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age.

Protein hormones and immunity.

Central nervous system effects of the neurohypophyseal hormones and related peptides.

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Cited by 6

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