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      BaCl 2 :Er 3+ —A High Efficient Upconversion Phosphor for Broadband Near‐Infrared Photoresponsive Devices

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          Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids.

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            Recent advances in the chemistry of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals.

            Lanthanide ions exhibit unique luminescent properties, including the ability to convert near infrared long-wavelength excitation radiation into shorter visible wavelengths through a process known as photon upconversion. In recent years lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals have been developed as a new class of luminescent optical labels that have become promising alternatives to organic fluorophores and quantum dots for applications in biological assays and medical imaging. These techniques offer low autofluorescence background, large anti-Stokes shifts, sharp emission bandwidths, high resistance to photobleaching, and high penetration depth and temporal resolution. Such techniques also show potential for improving the selectivity and sensitivity of conventional methods. They also pave the way for high throughput screening and miniaturization. This tutorial review focuses on the recent development of various synthetic approaches and possibilities for chemical tuning of upconversion properties, as well as giving an overview of biological applications of these luminescent nanocrystals.
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              Upconverting nanoparticles.

              Upconversion (UC) refers to nonlinear optical processes in which the sequential absorption of two or more photons leads to the emission of light at shorter wavelength than the excitation wavelength (anti-Stokes type emission). In contrast to other emission processes based on multiphoton absorption, upconversion can be efficiently excited even at low excitation densities. The most efficient UC mechanisms are present in solid-state materials doped with rare-earth ions. The development of nanocrystal research has evoked increasing interest in the development of synthesis routes which allow the synthesis of highly efficient, small UC particles with narrow size distribution able to form transparent solutions in a wide range of solvents. Meanwhile, high-quality UC nanocrystals can be routinely synthesized and their solubility, particle size, crystallographic phase, optical properties and shape can be controlled. In recent years, these particles have been discussed as promising alternatives to organic fluorophosphors and quantum dots in the field of medical imaging. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of the American Ceramic Society
                J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
                Wiley
                0002-7820
                1551-2916
                May 20 2015
                August 2015
                May 09 2015
                August 2015
                : 98
                : 8
                : 2508-2513
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
                [2 ]Department of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
                Article
                10.1111/jace.13558
                93d06c2e-ce4a-4d30-b7f5-3e9d249736fb
                © 2015

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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