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      Comparative efficacy on dogs of a single topical treatment with the pioneer fipronil/(S)-methoprene and an oral treatment with spinosad against Ctenocephalides felis Translated title: Comparaison de l’efficacité du topique à base de fipronil/(S)-méthoprène à celle du traitement oral par spinosad contre Ctenocephalides felis chez le chien

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          Abstract

          In the study reported here, the pioneer fipronil/(S)-methoprene topical product (FRONTLINE ® PLUS, Merial Limited, Duluth, GA) was compared to the oral spinosad product (COMFORTIS ® Elanco, Greenfield, IN) for efficacy against adult fleas and preventing egg production. The product presentations, doses and labelling were the one applicable in the USA. Using a standard protocol, 200 cat fleas of mixed sex were applied to dogs on Days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Dogs were combed to remove fleas 24 hours post-infestation, the fleas were counted, collected, and then reapplied to each dog following completion of their respective count. At 48 hours post-infestation, comb counts were performed and fleas were removed. No fleas were collected from any dog in the fipronil/(S)-methoprene group at any 24 or 48 hours post-infestation assessment throughout the six weeks study, yielding a preventive efficacy of 100%. For the spinosad treatment, efficacy was 100% at 24 hours and 48 hours through Day 16, and thereafter declined. The results observed in the spinosad-treated dogs were highly variable between animals. At the 24 and 48 hours counts following the Day 21 infestation, only five of eight spinosad-treated dogs (62.5%) were flea-free. Following the Day 28 infestation, spinosad efficacy fell to 85% and 89%, for the 24 hours and 48 hours counts, and only two dogs (25%) were flea free, compared to 100% flea-free dogs in the fipronil/(S)-methoprene group. No fleas were collected from the fipronil/(S)- methoprene treated dogs throughout the entire study, therefore, no eggs were collected at any time from any dog in the group. However, in the spinosad group adult fleas were found on dogs starting on Day 21 and by Day 30, 42 eggs were collected from one dog that had 107 adult fleas counted at 48 hours. At Day 37 and Day 49, more than 100 eggs were collected from each dog in the spinosad-treated and control groups.

          Translated abstract

          Dans l’étude ici présentée, le produit topique princeps à base de fipronil/(S)méthoprène (FRONTLINE ® PLUS, Merial Limited, Duluth, GA) a été comparé au produit oral à base de spinosad (COMFORTIS ® Elanco, Greenfield, IN) en ce qui concerne l’efficacité anti-puces et la prévention de la production d’oeufs de puces. Les présentations, dosages et notices d’utilisation qui ont été suivies sont celles de ces produits commercialisés aux États-Unis. Utilisant un protocole classique, 200 puces adultes mâles et femelles ont été déposées sur des chiens aux jours 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 et 42. Les chiens ont été peignés pour collecter les puces 24 heures après chaque infestation. Ces dernières ont été comptées puis ont été redéposées sur les chiens. 48 heures après chaque infestation, les chiens ont été de nouveau peignés et les puces collectées définitivement. Aucune puce n’a été récupérée sur aucun des chiens traité par le fipronil/(S)-méthoprène à 24 heures ou 48 heures après infestation pendant les six semaines de l’étude, d’où une efficacité préventive de 100 %. En ce qui concerne le groupe traité par le spinosad, l’efficacité préventive a été de 100 % à 24 et 48 heures jusqu’au jour 16, et a ensuite diminué. Les résultats ont été très variables selon les chiens dans ce groupe. À 24 et 48 heures après l’infestation du jour 21, seulement cinq des huit chiens (62,5 %) n’avaient pas de puces. Après l’infestation du jour 28, l’efficacité moyenne tombait à 85 % à 24 heures et 89 % à 48 heures, et seulement deux chiens sur huit (25 %) n’avaient pas de puces, contre 100 % dans le groupe traité fipronil/(S)-méthoprène. Aucun oeuf de puces n’a été collecté durant les six semaines de l’étude sur les chiens du groupe traité par le fipronil/(S)-méthoprène. Dans le groupe traité par le spinosad, des puces adultes sont observées sur les chiens après l’infestation du jour 21, et au jour 30, 42 oeufs ont été récupérés sur un chien qui avait 107 puces comptées à 48 heures. Aux jours 37 et 49, plus de 100 oeufs de puces ont été collectés sur une période de 12 heures sur chaque chien du groupe spinosad, ainsi que sur tous les chiens du groupe contrôle.

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          Most cited references21

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          The spinosyn family of insecticides: realizing the potential of natural products research.

          The spinosyns are a large family of unprecedented compounds produced from fermentation of two species of Saccharopolyspora. Their core structure is a polyketide-derived tetracyclic macrolide appended with two saccharides. They show potent insecticidal activities against many commercially significant species that cause extensive damage to crops and other plants. They also show activity against important external parasites of livestock, companion animals and humans. Spinosad is a defined combination of the two principal fermentation factors, spinosyns A and D. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been extensively studied, leading to development of a semisynthetic second-generation derivative, spinetoram. The spinosyns have a unique mechanism of action (MOA) involving disruption of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. When compared with many other insecticides, the spinosyns generally show greater selectivity toward target insects and lesser activity against many beneficial predators as well as mammals and other aquatic and avian animals. Their insecticidal spectrum, unique MOA and lower environmental effect make them useful new agents for modern integrated pest management programs. As a result, this work has received U S Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards.
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            The cat flea: biology, ecology and control.

            Control failures and recurrences of infestation of dogs, cats and their home environment with the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis are common. Attempts to control these infestations are often impaired by an inadequate understanding of the interaction of the cat flea with its hosts and environment. This review presents information on the medical and veterinary importance of the cat flea and discusses recent information on the environmental and host factors that affect its development and survival. Additionally, information is presented on the use and effectiveness of various insecticides and insect growth regulators against the four life stages.
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              Flea and tick control in the 21st century: challenges and opportunities.

              Historically, veterinarians have told their clients that one flea is all that is necessary to produce and maintain the clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis (FAD). Newer adulticides, such as fipronil, imidacloprid, nitenpyram and selamectin, have had a positive clinical effect on dogs and cats with FAD. However, data on flea feeding and the effect of these products on flea feeding bring into question the once perceived dogma of the single flea bite concept. Current data would indicate that the primary role of these insecticides in managing FAD is in rapidly reducing flea numbers and reducing flea feeding rather than preventing flea bites. Controlling tick infestations is important not only because ticks are nuisance parasites of dogs and cats, but also because they are vectors of a variety of bacterial and protozoal diseases. Achieving satisfactory tick control is often difficult due to unrealistic expectations of pet owners, to residual acaricidal properties of products that are often less than 100% and because of constant re-infestation pressure. Some of the most important factors veterinarians must be aware of are regional changes in tick distributions, our inability to control wildlife tick hosts and expectation differences between flea and tick control. These factors probably cause most real and perceived product failures.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                November 2011
                15 November 2011
                : 18
                : 4 ( publisher-idID: parasite/2011/04 )
                : 325-331
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Merial S.A.S. 29, avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
                [2 ] Charles River Laboratories Preclinical Services Ireland Ltd, Carrentrila, Ballina Co. Mayo Ireland
                [3 ] Merial Limited 3239 Satellite Bvd Duluth GA30096 USA
                [4 ] Biomathematics Unit, Veterinary Faculty 1, avenue Bourgelat 69280 Marcy L’Étoile France
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Frédéric Beugnet. E-mail: frederic.beugnet@ 123456merial.com
                Article
                parasite2011184p325 10.1051/parasite/2011184325
                10.1051/parasite/2011184325
                3677592
                22091463
                93d6fd9c-6c7a-4c08-956f-4802a8d9a9ae
                © PRINCEPS Editions, Paris, 2011

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 June 2011
                : 07 July 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Research Note

                fipronil/(s)-methoprene,duration of efficacy,flea egg,fipronil/(s)-méthoprène,spinosad,ctenocephalides felis felis,rémanence,oeuf de puce,frontline® plus,comfortis®

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