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      Photoacoustic imaging of the eye: A mini review

      review-article
      a , a , b , *
      Photoacoustics
      Elsevier
      Photoacoustic imaging, Eye, Diseases detection, Treatment monitoring, Medical tools

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          Abstract

          The eye relies on the synergistic cooperation of many different ocular components, including the cornea, crystalline lens, photoreceptors, and retinal neurons, to precisely sense visual information. Complications with a single ocular component can degrade vision and sometimes cause blindness. Immediate treatment and long-term monitoring are paramount to alleviate symptoms, restore vision, and cure ocular diseases. However, successful treatment requires understanding ocular pathological mechanisms, precisely detecting and monitoring the diseases. The investigation and diagnosis of ocular diseases require advanced medical tools. In this mini review, we discuss non-invasive photoacoustic (PA) imaging as a potential research tool and medical screening device. In the research setting, PA imaging can provide valuable information on the disease progression. In the clinical setting, PA imaging can potentially aid in disease detection and treatment monitoring.

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          Most cited references124

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          Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography

          Amplitude decorrelation measurement is sensitive to transverse flow and immune to phase noise in comparison to Doppler and other phase-based approaches. However, the high axial resolution of OCT makes it very sensitive to the pulsatile bulk motion noise in the axial direction. To overcome this limitation, we developed split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography (SSADA) to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of flow detection. The full OCT spectrum was split into several narrower bands. Inter-B-scan decorrelation was computed using the spectral bands separately and then averaged. The SSADA algorithm was tested on in vivo images of the human macula and optic nerve head. It significantly improved both SNR for flow detection and connectivity of microvascular network when compared to other amplitude-decorrelation algorithms.
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            A review of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)

            Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a new, non-invasive imaging technique that generates volumetric angiography images in a matter of seconds. This is a nascent technology with a potential wide applicability for retinal vascular disease. At present, level 1 evidence of the technology’s clinical applications doesn’t exist. In this paper, we introduce the technology, review the available English language publications regarding OCTA, and compare it with the current angiographic gold standards, fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). Finally we summarize its potential application to retinal vascular diseases. OCTA is quick and non-invasive, and provides volumetric data with the clinical capability of specifically localizing and delineating pathology along with the ability to show both structural and blood flow information in tandem. Its current limitations include a relatively small field of view, inability to show leakage, and proclivity for image artifact due to patient movement/blinking. Published studies hint at OCTA’s potential efficacy in the evaluation of common ophthalmologic diseases such age related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, artery and vein occlusions, and glaucoma. OCTA can detect changes in choroidal blood vessel flow and can elucidate the presence of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a variety of conditions but especially in AMD. It provides a highly detailed view of the retinal vasculature, which allows for accurate delineation of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in diabetic eyes and detection of subtle microvascular abnormalities in diabetic and vascular occlusive eyes. Optic disc perfusion in glaucomatous eyes is notable as well on OCTA. Further studies are needed to more definitively determine OCTA’s utility in the clinical setting and to establish if this technology may offer a non-invasive option of visualizing the retinal vasculature in detail.
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              Retinal light damage: mechanisms and protection.

              By its action on rhodopsin, light triggers the well-known visual transduction cascade, but can also induce cell damage and death through phototoxic mechanisms - a comprehensive understanding of which is still elusive despite more than 40 years of research. Herein, we integrate recent experimental findings to address several hypotheses of retinal light damage, premised in part on the close anatomical and metabolic relationships between the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. We begin by reviewing the salient features of light damage, recently joined by evidence for retinal remodeling which has implications for the prognosis of recovery of function in retinal degenerations. We then consider select factors that influence the progression of the damage process and the extent of visual cell loss. Traditional, genetically modified, and emerging animal models are discussed, with particular emphasis on cone visual cells. Exogenous and endogenous retinal protective factors are explored, with implications for light damage mechanisms and some suggested avenues for future research. Synergies are known to exist between our long term light environment and photoreceptor cell death in retinal disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of light damage in a variety of animal models can provide valuable insights into the effects of light in clinical disorders and may form the basis of future therapies to prevent or delay visual cell loss. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Photoacoustics
                Photoacoustics
                Photoacoustics
                Elsevier
                2213-5979
                18 May 2016
                September 2016
                18 May 2016
                : 4
                : 3
                : 112-123
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,USA
                [b ]Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. hfzhang@ 123456northwestern.edu
                Article
                S2213-5979(16)30018-0
                10.1016/j.pacs.2016.05.001
                5063360
                27761410
                93e175e4-fa24-4d33-8891-c32bdcd67b08
                © 2016 Published by Elsevier GmbH.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 January 2016
                : 15 April 2016
                : 17 May 2016
                Categories
                Review Article

                photoacoustic imaging,eye,diseases detection,treatment monitoring,medical tools

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