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      A comprehensive review on Brigatinib – A wonder drug for targeted cancer therapy in non-small cell lung cancer

      review-article
      a , b , b , c , c , a , *
      Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ
      Elsevier
      ALK inhibitors, Brigatinib, Lung cancer, Kinase, Lymphoma, NPM, nucleophosmin, ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer, EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor, EML4, echinoderm microtubule associated protein, TKI’s, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, P-gp, P-glycoprotein, BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein, ORR, objective response rate, ALTA-1L, ALK in lung cancer trial of Brigatinib in1st Line, DMPO, dimethyl phosphine oxide, SAR, structure activity relationship, MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration, ALCL, anaplastic extensive cell lymphoma, FLT3, fem like tyrosine kinase-3, FDA, Food and Drug Administration, LCC, Large Cell Carcinoma

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          Abstract

          The mortality rate in patients suffering from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is quite high. This type of cancer mainly occurs due to rearrangements in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene which leads to form an oncogene of fused gene NPM-ALK. Brigatinib is recently approved by FDA in April 2017 as a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for the NSCLC therapy. In the present scenario, it is no less than a wonder drug because it is indicated for the treatment of advanced stages of metastatic ALK positive NSCLC, a fatal disease to overcome the resistance of various other ALK inhibitors such as crizotinib, ceritinib and alectinib. In addition to ALK, it is also active against multiple types of kinases such as ROS1, Insulin like growth factor-1Receptor and EGFR. It can be synthesized by using N-[2-methoxy-4-[4-(dimethylamino) piperidin-1-yl] aniline] guanidine and 2,4,5-trichloropyrimidine respectively in two different ways. Its structure consists of mainly dimethylphosphine oxide group which is responsible for its pharmacological activity. It is active against various cell lines such as HCC78, H2228, H23, H358, H838, U937, HepG2 and Karpas- 299. Results of ALTA (ALK in Lung Cancer Trial of AP26113) phase ½ trial shows that 90 mg of brigatinib for 7 days and then 180 mg for next days is effective in the treatment of NSCLC. Brigatinib has been shown to have favorable risk benefit profile and is a safer drug than the available cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. In comparison to other FDA approved drugs for the same condition, it causes fewer minor adverse reactions which can be easily managed either by changing the dose or by providing good supportive care. This article is intended to provide readers with an overview of chemistry, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profile of brigatinib, which addresses an unmet medical need.

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          Most cited references32

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          Acquired resistance to TKIs in solid tumours: learning from lung cancer.

          The use of advanced molecular profiling to direct the use of targeted therapy, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), has revolutionized the treatment of this disease. However, acquired resistance, defined as progression after initial benefit, to targeted therapies inevitably occurs. This Review explores breakthroughs in the understanding and treatment of acquired resistance in NSCLC, focusing on EGFR mutant and ALK rearrangement-positive disease, which may be relevant across multiple different solid malignancies with oncogene-addicted subtypes. Mechanisms of acquired resistance may be pharmacological (that is, failure of delivery of the drug to its target) or biological, resulting from evolutionary selection on molecularly diverse tumours. A number of clinical approaches can maintain control of the disease in the acquired resistance setting, including the use of radiation to treat isolated areas of progression and adding or switching to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Furthermore, novel approaches that have already proven successful include the development of second-generation and third-generation inhibitors and the combination of some of these inhibitors with antibodies directed against the same target. With our increased understanding of the spectrum of acquired resistance, major changes in how we conduct clinical research in this setting are now underway.
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            Novel mutant-selective EGFR kinase inhibitors against EGFR T790M.

            The clinical efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is limited by the development of drug-resistance mutations, including the gatekeeper T790M mutation. Strategies targeting EGFR T790M with irreversible inhibitors have had limited success and are associated with toxicity due to concurrent inhibition of wild-type EGFR. All current EGFR inhibitors possess a structurally related quinazoline-based core scaffold and were identified as ATP-competitive inhibitors of wild-type EGFR. Here we identify a covalent pyrimidine EGFR inhibitor by screening an irreversible kinase inhibitor library specifically against EGFR T790M. These agents are 30- to 100-fold more potent against EGFR T790M, and up to 100-fold less potent against wild-type EGFR, than quinazoline-based EGFR inhibitors in vitro. They are also effective in murine models of lung cancer driven by EGFR T790M. Co-crystallization studies reveal a structural basis for the increased potency and mutant selectivity of these agents. These mutant-selective irreversible EGFR kinase inhibitors may be clinically more effective and better tolerated than quinazoline-based inhibitors. Our findings demonstrate that functional pharmacological screens against clinically important mutant kinases represent a powerful strategy to identify new classes of mutant-selective kinase inhibitors.
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              Targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: current standards and the promise of the future.

              In recent years, there has been a major paradigm shift in the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC should now be further sub-classified by histology and driver mutation if one is known or present. Translational research advances now allow such mutations to be inhibited by either receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Whilst empirical chemotherapy with a platinum-doublet remains the gold standard for advanced NSCLC without a known driver mutation, targeted therapy is pushing the boundary to significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life. In this review, we will examine the major subtypes of oncogenic drivers behind NSCLC as well as the development of targeted agents available to treat them both now and in the foreseeable future.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Saudi Pharm J
                Saudi Pharm J
                Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ
                Elsevier
                1319-0164
                2213-7475
                20 April 2018
                September 2018
                20 April 2018
                : 26
                : 6
                : 755-763
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
                [b ]Department of Pharmacy, Oman Medical College, Muscat, Oman
                [c ]Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India. ahusain@ 123456jamiahamdard.ac.in
                Article
                S1319-0164(18)30090-2
                10.1016/j.jsps.2018.04.010
                6128722
                30202213
                93efd0e9-faf8-4b6f-8e3a-3d7724ddca41
                © 2018 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 28 February 2018
                : 18 April 2018
                Categories
                Article

                alk inhibitors,brigatinib,lung cancer,kinase,lymphoma,npm, nucleophosmin,alk, anaplastic lymphoma kinase,nsclc, non-small cell lung cancer,egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor,eml4, echinoderm microtubule associated protein,tki’s, tyrosine kinase inhibitors,p-gp, p-glycoprotein,bcrp, breast cancer resistance protein,orr, objective response rate,alta-1l, alk in lung cancer trial of brigatinib in1st line,dmpo, dimethyl phosphine oxide,sar, structure activity relationship,mic, minimum inhibitory concentration,alcl, anaplastic extensive cell lymphoma,flt3, fem like tyrosine kinase-3,fda, food and drug administration,lcc, large cell carcinoma

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