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      Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour

      research-article
      1 , , 2 , 3
      Family Medicine and Community Health
      BMJ Publishing Group
      qualitative research

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          Abstract

          Semistructured in-depth interviews are commonly used in qualitative research and are the most frequent qualitative data source in health services research. This method typically consists of a dialogue between researcher and participant, guided by a flexible interview protocol and supplemented by follow-up questions, probes and comments. The method allows the researcher to collect open-ended data, to explore participant thoughts, feelings and beliefs about a particular topic and to delve deeply into personal and sometimes sensitive issues. The purpose of this article was to identify and describe the essential skills to designing and conducting semistructured interviews in family medicine and primary care research settings. We reviewed the literature on semistructured interviewing to identify key skills and components for using this method in family medicine and primary care research settings. Overall, semistructured interviewing requires both a relational focus and practice in the skills of facilitation. Skills include: (1) determining the purpose and scope of the study; (2) identifying participants; (3) considering ethical issues; (4) planning logistical aspects; (5) developing the interview guide; (6) establishing trust and rapport; (7) conducting the interview; (8) memoing and reflection; (9) analysing the data; (10) demonstrating the trustworthiness of the research; and (11) presenting findings in a paper or report. Semistructured interviews provide an effective and feasible research method for family physicians to conduct in primary care research settings. Researchers using semistructured interviews for data collection should take on a relational focus and consider the skills of interviewing to ensure quality. Semistructured interviewing can be a powerful tool for family physicians, primary care providers and other health services researchers to use to understand the thoughts, beliefs and experiences of individuals. Despite the utility, semistructured interviews can be intimidating and challenging for researchers not familiar with qualitative approaches. In order to elucidate this method, we provide practical guidance for researchers, including novice researchers and those with few resources, to use semistructured interviewing as a data collection strategy. We provide recommendations for the essential steps to follow in order to best implement semistructured interviews in family medicine and primary care research settings.

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          Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide.

          To produce a framework for the development of a qualitative semi-structured interview guide.
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            Factors considered by medical students when formulating their specialty preferences in Japan: findings from a qualitative study

            Background Little research addresses how medical students develop their choice of specialty training in Japan. The purpose of this research was to elucidate factors considered by Japanese medical students when formulating their specialty choice. Methods We conducted qualitative interviews with 25 Japanese medical students regarding factors influencing specialty preference and their views on roles of primary versus specialty care. We qualitatively analyzed the data to identify factors students consider when developing specialty preferences, to understand their views about primary and subspecialty care, and to construct models depicting the pathways to specialization. Results Students mention factors such as illness in self or close others, respect for family member in the profession, preclinical experiences in the curriculum such as labs and dissection, and aspects of patient care such as the clinical atmosphere, charismatic role models, and doctor-patient communication as influential on their specialty preferences. Participating students could generally distinguish between subspecialty care and primary care, but not primary care and family medicine. Our analysis yields a "Two Career" model depicting how medical graduates can first train for hospital-based specialty practice, and then switch to mixed primary/specialty care outpatient practice years later without any requirement for systematic training in principles of primary care practice. Conclusion Preclinical and clinical experiences as well as role models are reported by Japanese students as influential factors when formulating their specialty preferences. Student understanding of family medicine as a discipline is low in Japan. Students with ultimate aspirations to practice outpatient primary care medicine do not need to commit to systematic primary care training after graduation. The Two Career model of specialization leaves the door open for medical graduates to enter primary care practice at anytime regardless of post-graduate residency training choice.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Fam Med Community Health
                Fam Med Community Health
                fmch
                fmch
                Family Medicine and Community Health
                BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                2305-6983
                2009-8774
                2019
                8 March 2019
                : 7
                : 2
                : e000057
                Affiliations
                [1 ] departmentDepartment of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
                [2 ] departmentDepartment of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
                [3 ] departmentDivision of Emergency Medicine , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to ] Dr Melissa DeJonckheere; mdejonck@ 123456med.umich.edu
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2660-3358
                Article
                fmch-2018-000057
                10.1136/fmch-2018-000057
                6910737
                32148704
                94013038-5955-4d9b-81ec-810319e02e82
                © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

                History
                : 03 November 2018
                : 04 December 2018
                : 23 January 2019
                Categories
                Methodology
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                qualitative research
                qualitative research

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