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      Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Neuroimaging in Exercise–Cognition Science: A Systematic, Methodology-Focused Review

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          Abstract

          For cognitive processes to function well, it is essential that the brain is optimally supplied with oxygen and blood. In recent years, evidence has emerged suggesting that cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics can be modified with physical activity. To better understand the relationship between cerebral oxygenation/hemodynamics, physical activity, and cognition, the application of state-of-the art neuroimaging tools is essential. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is such a neuroimaging tool especially suitable to investigate the effects of physical activity/exercises on cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics due to its capability to quantify changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb) non-invasively in the human brain. However, currently there is no clear standardized procedure regarding the application, data processing, and data analysis of fNIRS, and there is a large heterogeneity regarding how fNIRS is applied in the field of exercise–cognition science. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current methodological knowledge about fNIRS application in studies measuring the cortical hemodynamic responses during cognitive testing (i) prior and after different physical activities interventions, and (ii) in cross-sectional studies accounting for the physical fitness level of their participants. Based on the review of the methodology of 35 as relevant considered publications, we outline recommendations for future fNIRS studies in the field of exercise–cognition science.

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          Most cited references299

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          Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing

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            Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the resting human brain.

            Functional brain imaging in humans has revealed task-specific increases in brain activity that are associated with various mental activities. In the same studies, mysterious, task-independent decreases have also frequently been encountered, especially when the tasks of interest have been compared with a passive state, such as simple fixation or eyes closed. These decreases have raised the possibility that there might be a baseline or resting state of brain function involving a specific set of mental operations. We explore this possibility, including the manner in which we might define a baseline and the implications of such a baseline for our understanding of brain function.
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              A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology.

              This year marks the 20th anniversary of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging (fNIRS/fNIRI). As the vast majority of commercial instruments developed until now are based on continuous wave technology, the aim of this publication is to review the current state of instrumentation and methodology of continuous wave fNIRI. For this purpose we provide an overview of the commercially available instruments and address instrumental aspects such as light sources, detectors and sensor arrangements. Methodological aspects, algorithms to calculate the concentrations of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin and approaches for data analysis are also reviewed. From the single-location measurements of the early years, instrumentation has progressed to imaging initially in two dimensions (topography) and then three (tomography). The methods of analysis have also changed tremendously, from the simple modified Beer-Lambert law to sophisticated image reconstruction and data analysis methods used today. Due to these advances, fNIRI has become a modality that is widely used in neuroscience research and several manufacturers provide commercial instrumentation. It seems likely that fNIRI will become a clinical tool in the foreseeable future, which will enable diagnosis in single subjects. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Clin Med
                J Clin Med
                jcm
                Journal of Clinical Medicine
                MDPI
                2077-0383
                22 November 2018
                December 2018
                : 7
                : 12
                : 466
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany; notger.mueller@ 123456dzne.de
                [2 ]Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79117, Germany; patrick.wiegel@ 123456sport.uni-freiburg.de
                [3 ]Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
                [4 ]Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland; felix.scholkmann@ 123456usz.ch
                [5 ]Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39118, Germany
                [6 ]Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: fabian.herold@ 123456dzne.de ; Tel.: +49-39-1672-4506
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3453-090X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5034-7174
                Article
                jcm-07-00466
                10.3390/jcm7120466
                6306799
                30469482
                9420d2a7-76b3-45f1-9f68-2190fad71d85
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 24 October 2018
                : 15 November 2018
                Categories
                Review

                fnirs,optical imaging,physical activity,cognition,executive functions,working memory

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