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      Congruent morphological and genetic differentiation as a signature of range expansion in a fragmented landscape

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      Ecology and Evolution
      Blackwell Publishing Ltd
      Climate change, morphometrics, range shift, white-footed mouse

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          Abstract

          Phenotypic differentiation is often interpreted as a result of local adaptation of individuals to their environment. Here, we investigated the skull morphological differentiation in 11 populations of the white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus). These populations were sampled in an agricultural landscape in the Montérégie region (Québec, Canada), at the northern edge of the distribution of the white-footed mouse. We found a strong pattern of phenotypic differentiation matching the genetic structure across these populations. Landscape fragmentation and the presence of geographic barriers, in particular north–south oriented rivers, contribute to this differentiation and modulate the pattern of rapid ongoing northward range expansion of the white-footed mouse in response to climate warming. We conclude that while large rivers and postglacial recolonization routes have shaped the current pattern of distribution and differentiation of white-footed mouse populations, further local differentiation is occurring, at the scale of the landscape. We posit that the northern expansion of the white-footed mouse is achieved through successive independent founder events in a fragmented landscape at the northern range edge of the species. The phenotypic differentiation we observe is thus a result of a number of mechanisms operating at different spatial and temporal scales.

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          Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change

          Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming and have been linked to local or regional climate change through correlations between climate and biological variation, field and laboratory experiments, and physiological research. Range-restricted species, particularly polar and mountaintop species, show severe range contractions and have been the first groups in which entire species have gone extinct due to recent climate change. Tropical coral reefs and amphibians have been most negatively affected. Predator-prey and plant-insect interactions have been disrupted when interacting species have responded differently to warming. Evolutionary adaptations to warmer conditions have occurred in the interiors of species' ranges, and resource use and dispersal have evolved rapidly at expanding range margins. Observed genetic shifts modulate local effects of climate change, but there is little evidence that they will mitigate negative effects at the species level.
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              EROSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STREAMS AND THEIR DRAINAGE BASINS; HYDROPHYSICAL APPROACH TO QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ecol Evol
                Ecol Evol
                ece3
                Ecology and Evolution
                Blackwell Publishing Ltd
                2045-7758
                2045-7758
                October 2013
                25 September 2013
                : 3
                : 12
                : 4172-4182
                Affiliations
                Redpath Museum, McGill University 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, H3A 0C4, QC, Canada
                Author notes
                Virginie Millien, Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C4, Canada. Tel: +1 514 398 4849; Fax: +1 514 398 5069; E-mail: virginie.millien@ 123456mcgill.ca

                Funding Information This research was funded by a NSERC Discovery grant #341918 to VM.

                Article
                10.1002/ece3.787
                3853562
                24324868
                947fad0c-5a9a-4065-8019-ed9abf5648bb
                © 2013 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

                Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Creative Commons Deed, Attribution 2.5, which does not permit commercial exploitation.

                History
                : 31 July 2013
                : 02 August 2013
                Categories
                Original Research

                Evolutionary Biology
                climate change,morphometrics,range shift,white-footed mouse
                Evolutionary Biology
                climate change, morphometrics, range shift, white-footed mouse

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