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      Warning Signs Observed in Tanning Salons in New York City: Implications for Skin Cancer Prevention

      brief-report
      Author(s): , EdD , , PhD, , MD, PhD
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Preventing Chronic Disease
      Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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          Abstract

          Use of artificial tanning may be contributing to the increased incidence of skin cancer. Federal law requires warning signs to inform consumers about health risks. All of the tanning facilities in New York City were assessed for compliance with this law during April and May 2010. More than one-third of the 224 tanning machines observed in 47 of the 85 facilities visited did not have any warning signs posted, and signs were difficult to see in many others.

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          The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: A systematic review.

          (2007)
          Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a known cause of skin cancer. Sunbed use represents an increasingly frequent source of artificial UV exposure in light-skinned populations. To assess the available evidence of the association between sunbed use and cutaneous malignant melanoma (melanoma) and other skin cancers, a systematic review of the literature till March 2006 on epidemiological and biological studies on sunbed use was performed in Pubmed, ISI Web of Science, Embase, Pascal, Cochrane library, Lilacs and Medcarib. Search for keywords in the title and in the abstract was done systematically and supplemented by manual searches. Only case-control, cohort or cross-sectional studies were selected. Data were abstracted by means of a standardized data-collection protocol. Based on 19 informative studies, ever-use of sunbeds was positively associated with melanoma (summary relative risk, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00-1.31), although there was no consistent evidence of a dose-response relationship. First exposure to sunbeds before 35 years of age significantly increased the risk of melanoma, based on 7 informative studies (summary relative risk, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.35-2.26). The summary relative risk of 3 studies of squamous cell carcinoma showed an increased risk. For basal cell carcinoma, the studies did not support an association. The evidence does not support a protective effect of the use of sunbeds against damage to the skin from subsequent sun exposure. Young adults should be discouraged from using indoor tanning equipment and restricted access to sunbeds by minors should be strongly considered. Copyright 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            Use of sunscreen, sunburning rates, and tanning bed use among more than 10 000 US children and adolescents.

            Alan C. Geller, Cynthia Jorgensen, Susan Oliveria … (2002)
            To describe the association of sunscreen use, sunburning, and tanning bed use by age, sex, residence, and psychosocial variables associated with tan-seeking behaviors, and to compare these findings with sun protection recommendations from federal agencies and cancer organizations. A cross-sectional study, from all 50 states, of 10 079 boys and girls 12 to 18 years of age in 1999. Data were collected from self-report questionnaires with the children of the participants from the Nurses Health Study (Growing Up Today Study). The prevalence of sunscreen use was 34.4% with girls more likely to use sunscreen than boys (40.0 vs 26.4, odds ratio: 1.86; 95% confidence interval: 1.70-2.03). Eighty-three percent of respondents had at least 1 sunburn during the previous summer, and 36% had 3 or more sunburns. Nearly 10% of respondents used a tanning bed during the previous year. Girls were far more likely than boys to report tanning bed use (14.4 vs 2.4), and older girls (ages 15-18) were far more likely than younger girls (ages 12-14) to report tanning bed use (24.6% vs 4.7). Tanning bed use increased from 7% among 14-year-old girls to 16% by age 15, and more than doubled again by age 17 (35%; N = 244). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that attitudes associated with tanning, such as the preference for tanned skin, having many friends who were tanned, and belief in the worth of burning to get a tan, were generally associated with sporadic sunscreen use, more frequent sunburns, and increased use of tanning beds. Our findings suggest that many children are at subsequent risk of skin cancer because of suboptimal sunscreen use, high rates of sunburning, and tanning bed use. Recommendations in the United States for improved sun protection and avoidance of tanning beds and sunburning, which began in the early 1990s, have been primarily unheeded. Nationally coordinated campaigns with strong policy components must be developed and sustained to prevent skin cancer in a new generation of children and adolescents.
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              Prevalence and correlates of indoor tanning among US adults.

              Carolyn J Heckman, S Manne, Elliot Coups (2008)
              Little is known about the prevalence of indoor tanning among the US general adult population. This study sought to: (1) describe the prevalence of indoor tanning throughout adulthood; (2) identify demographic and psychosocial correlates of indoor tanning; and (3) determine whether these correlates vary by age group. This study used data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey, an annual health survey of the US adult population. Indoor tanning rates were higher among individuals who were young, white, and female. Rates of indoor tanning in the last year varied from 20.4% for those aged 18 to 29 years to 7.8% for those aged 65 years and older. A variety of demographic, health, and behavioral health risk factors correlated with indoor tanning. The study design was cross-sectional and all data were self-reported. Health care providers should address indoor tanning as a health risk factor across the lifespan.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Postdoctoral Research Scientist,
                Columbia University
                ,
                722 W 168th St, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10032chb24@columbia.edu
                :
                Columbia University, New York, New York
                :
                Columbia University, New York, New York
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Prev Chronic Dis
                Title: Preventing Chronic Disease
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-1151
                Publication date Collection: July 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 June 2011
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: A88
                Affiliations
                Columbia University
                Columbia University, New York, New York
                Columbia University, New York, New York
                Article
                Publisher ID: PCDv84_10_0153
                PMC ID: 3136985
                PubMed ID: 21672412
                SO-VID: 9491cd80-2aa6-4f12-9c02-5c56f3d8a413
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2011
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Brief
                Series title: Peer Reviewed

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care

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