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      Secondary Air Pollutants and Forests — New Perspectives

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          Abstract

          Air pollution has been known to affect forests for over a century, and many of the mechanisms of pollutant deposition and effects have been established, at least for forest trees. Changes in air quality as a result of emission controls in Europe and North America, or as a result of rapid industrialisation in southern and eastern Asia, have highlighted new pollution problems. This paper, by reference to recent publications, highlights two areas where more research is required: the interactions of photochemical oxidants with biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds, and their impact on ecological signalling; and the role of atmospheric particles in changing the leaf surface environments in forests.

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          Most cited references27

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          Ethylene: a gaseous signal molecule in plants.

          A Bleecker, H Kende (2000)
          Ethylene regulates a multitude of plant processes, ranging from seed germination to organ senescence. Of particular economic importance is the role of ethylene as an inducer of fruit ripening. Ethylene is synthesized from S-adenosyl-L-methionine via 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). The enzymes catalyzing the two reactions in this pathway are ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. Environmental and endogenous signals regulate ethylene biosynthesis primarily through differential expression of ACC synthase genes. Components of the ethylene signal transduction pathway have been identified by characterization of ethylene-response mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. One class of mutations, exemplified by etr1, led to the identification of the ethylene receptors, which turned out to be related to bacterial two-component signaling systems. Mutations that eliminate ethylene binding to the receptor yield a dominant, ethylene-insensitive phenotype. CTR1 encodes a Raf-like Ser/Thr protein kinase that acts downstream from the ethylene receptor and may be part of a MAP kinase cascade. Mutants in CTR1 exhibit a constitutive ethylene-response phenotype. Both the ethylene receptors and CTR1 are negative regulators of ethylene responses. EIN2 and EIN3 are epistatic to CTR1, and mutations in either gene lead to ethylene insensitivity. Whereas the function of EIN2 in ethylene transduction is not known, EIN3 is a putative transcription factor involved in regulating expression of ethylene-responsive genes. Biotechnological modifications of ethylene synthesis and of sensitivity to ethylene are promising methods to prevent spoilage of agricultural products such as fruits, whose ripening is induced by ethylene.
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            Airborne signals prime plants against insect herbivore attack.

            Juergen Engelberth, Hans Alborn, Eric A Schmelz … (2004)
            Green leafy volatiles (GLV), six-carbon aldehydes, alcohols, and esters commonly emitted by plants in response to mechanical damage or herbivory, induced intact undamaged corn seedlings to rapidly produce jasmonic acid (JA) and emit sesquiterpenes. More importantly, corn seedlings previously exposed to GLV from neighboring plants produced significantly more JA and volatile sesquiterpenes when mechanically damaged and induced with caterpillar regurgitant than seedlings not exposed to GLV. The use of pure synthetic chemicals revealed that (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate have nearly identical priming activity. Caterpillar-induced nocturnal volatiles, which are enriched in GLV, also exhibited a strong priming effect, inducing production of larger amounts of JA and release of greater quantities of volatile organic compounds after caterpillar regurgitant application. In contrast, GLV priming did not affect JA production induced by mechanical wounding alone. Thus, GLV specifically prime neighboring plants against impending herbivory by enhancing inducible chemical defense responses triggered during attack and may play a key role in plant-plant signaling and plant-insect interactions.
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              Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation

              M. R. ASHMORE (2005)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): ScientificWorldJournal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): ScientificWorldJournal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TSWJ
                Title: The Scientific World Journal
                Publisher: TheScientificWorldJOURNAL
                ISSN (Print): 2356-6140
                ISSN (Electronic): 1537-744X
                Publication date Collection: 2007
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 March 2007
                Volume: 7
                Pages: 9-14
                Affiliations
                Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
                Author notes
                *J. Neil Cape: jnc@ 123456ceh.ac.uk

                Academic Editor: Andrzej Bytnerowicz

                Article
                Publisher ID: 165917
                DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2007.18
                PMC ID: 5901058
                PubMed ID: 17450275
                SO-VID: 949db998-1b9e-47d8-acd1-f636361612a0
                Copyright © Copyright © 2007 J. Neil Cape.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 28 October 2006
                Date revision received : 12 December 2006
                Date accepted : 13 December 2006
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: ozone,photochemical oxidants,fine particulate,plant effects,pollutant interactions
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: ozone, photochemical oxidants, fine particulate, plant effects, pollutant interactions

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