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      Adult Consequences of Fetal Growth Restriction

      Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
      Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

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          Abstract

          Low birthweight in relation to the length of gestation, is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. These associations extend across the whole range of birthweight, which implies that normal variations in nutrient delivery to the fetus have profound long-term effects. The associations are thought to reflect the body's plasticity during development, by which its structure and function can be permanently changed by the intra uterine and early post natal environment. Slow growth during infancy and rapid weight gain after the age of two years exacerbate the effect of slow fetal growth. Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes arise through a series of interactions between environmental influences and the pathways of development that precede them.

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          Phenotypic Plasticity and the Origins of Diversity

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            WEIGHT IN INFANCY AND DEATH FROM ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE

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              Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension.

              A diminished number of nephrons has been proposed as one of the factors contributing to the development of primary hypertension. To test this hypothesis, we used a three-dimensional stereologic method to compare the number and volume of glomeruli in 10 middle-aged white patients (age range, 35 to 59 years) with a history of primary hypertension or left ventricular hypertrophy (or both) and renal arteriolar lesions with the number and volume in 10 normotensive subjects matched for sex, age, height, and weight. All 20 subjects had died in accidents. Patients with hypertension had significantly fewer glomeruli per kidney than matched normotensive controls (median, 702,379 vs. 1,429,200). Patients with hypertension also had a significantly greater glomerular volume than did the controls (median, 6.50x10(-3) mm3 vs. 2.79x10(-3) mm3; P<0.001) but very few obsolescent glomeruli. The data support the hypothesis that the number of nephrons is reduced in white patients with primary hypertension. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
                0009-9201
                2006
                June 2006
                : 49
                : 2
                : 270-283
                Article
                10.1097/00003081-200606000-00009
                16721106
                94a9aa28-bb31-4494-b172-4216ed61a26e
                © 2006
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