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      Biologia e ecofisiologia de buva (Conyza bonariensis e Conyza canadensis) Translated title: Biology and ecophysiology of hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) and horseweed (Conyza canadensis)

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          Abstract

          Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist e Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist são duas espécies de plantas daninhas pertencentes à família Asteraceae. Com freqüência, elas infestam pomares, vinhedos e outras culturas, como milho, soja e algodão e, também, culturas forrageiras, pastagens e áreas não-cultivadas. Esta revisão de literatura tem por objetivos descrever e discutir as características botânicas, biológicas e ecofisiológicas daquelas espécies com a finalidade de facilitar a adoção de estratégias para seu manejo em culturas ou limitar seu estabelecimento. Conyza canadensis é uma espécie anual ou bienal, nativa da América do Norte, enquanto C. bonariensis é uma espécie anual, nativa da América do Sul. A propagação destas espécies dá-se através de sementes que são facilmente dispersas através do vento e da água. As sementes não apresentam dormência e podem germinar prontamente em condições de temperatura e umidade favoráveis. Em vários países, inclusive no Brasil, foi constatada resistência aos herbicidas em biótipos destas espécies. Adoção de práticas culturais diversificadas, integradas ao controle químico, pode minimizar os efeitos negativos provocados por buva e, também, prevenir casos de resistência.

          Translated abstract

          Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist and Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist are two weed species belonging to Asteraceae family. Frequently, they occur in orchards, vineyards, and in other crops, such as corn, soybean, and cotton and, also, in forage crops and pastures, as well as in fallow areas. This literature review has as objectives to describe and discuss botanical, biological, and ecopysiological characteristics of Conyza species that may facilitate adoption of strategies for their management in crops or to limit their establishment. Conyza canadensis is an annual or biennial species, native of North America; whereas, C. bonariensis is an annual species, native of South America. Spreading of both species occurs by seeds, which are easily dispersed through wind and water. Seeds do not present dormancy and can germinate promptly under favorable conditions of temperature and humidity. In various countries, including Brazil, Conyza biotypes resistant to herbicides were found. Adoption of diversified cultural practices, integrated to were found chemical control, may minimize the negative effects of Conyza, as well as, prevent cases of resistance.

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          Manual de identificação e controle de plantas daninhas: plantio direto e convencional

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            Factors affecting germination of horseweed (Conyza canadensis)

            The influence of environmental factors on germination and emergence of horseweed was examined in growth chamber experiments. Germination was highest (61%) under 24/20 C day/night temperature under light. Horseweed seed germination was observed under both light (13 h photoperiod) and complete darkness (24 h), but germination under continuous darkness was only 0 to 15% compared with 0 to 61% under light. All other experiments were conducted under 24/20 C and 13-h light conditions. Germination was 19 to 36% over a pH range from 4 to 10, with a trend toward higher germination under neutral-to-alkaline conditions. Horseweed germination was > 20% at < 40 mM NaCl concentration and lowest (4%) at 160 mM NaCl. These data suggest that even at high soil salinity conditions, horseweed can germinate. Germination of horseweed decreased from 25% to 2% as osmotic potential increased from 0 (distilled water) to −0.8 MPa, indicating that germination can still occur under moderate water stress conditions. Horseweed seedling emergence was at its maximum on the soil surface, and no seedlings emerged from seeds placed at a depth of 0.5 cm or higher.
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              Shikimate accumulates in both glyphosate-sensitive and glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis L. Cronq.).

              Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) is a cosmopolitan weed that commonly grows throughout North America. Horseweed that is not completely controlled by normal applications of glyphosate has been reported in western Tennessee. This research had three objectives: (1) to develop and validate an analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of shikimate, an important indicator of glyphosate activity in plants; (2) to confirm resistance to glyphosate in a horseweed population; and (3) to examine the accumulation of shikimate in both glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-susceptible horseweed plants. The analytical procedure to determine shikimate used extraction with 1 M HCl for 24 h, followed by liquid chromatography using photodiode array detection, and shikimate recoveries were >or=82%. Glyphosate applications of both 0.84 kg ae/ha (the standard application rate) and 3.8 kg ae/ha to susceptible plants caused complete plant death. The same glyphosate applications to putative resistant populations caused less than 15% growth reduction as determined by visual evaluations, and fresh weights of these resistant plants 17 days after glyphosate treatment (DAT) were reduced an average of 45% in one population and were not affected in a different population. This direct comparison conclusively confirms that horseweed plants collected in western Tennessee in 2002 are resistant to 4 times the normal application dosage of glyphosate. The glyphosate-resistant horseweed biotypes still exhibited some herbicidal effects from the glyphosate, such as yellowing in the most actively growing, apical shoot meristems. The yellowing in the shoot apexes was transitory, and the plants recovered from this damage. Shikimate concentrations in all untreated horseweed plants were less than 100 microg/g, which was significantly less than that in all plants which had been treated with 0.84 kg ae/ha of glyphosate. Unexpectedly, shikimate accumulated (>1000 microg/g) in both resistant populations and the susceptible population. However, there were differences in shikimate accumulation patterns between resistant and susceptible horseweed biotypes. Shikimate concentrations in resistant populations declined about 40% from 2 to 4 DAT, while shikimate concentrations in the susceptible horseweed plants increased about 35% from 2 to 4 DAT. The confirmed resistance of a widespread weed implies that alternative control strategies for glyphosate-resistant horseweed will be needed in those no-tillage production systems where it commonly occurs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria )
                1678-4596
                June 2008
                : 38
                : 3
                : 852-860
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                Article
                S0103-84782008000300045
                10.1590/S0103-84782008000300045
                94b57f37-be15-412a-91f8-9f57127da27f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-8478&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRONOMY

                Horticulture
                weeds,botanical characteristics,interference,integrated management,herbicide resistance,plantas daninhas,caracterização botânica,interferência,manejo integrado,resistência aos herbicidas

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