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      Is Open Access

      Male mortality rates mirror mortality rates of older females

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          Abstract

          Women on average live longer than men, which seems to suggest that women also age slower than men. However, the potential difference in the pace of aging between the sexes is a relatively controversial topic, and both positions, i.e. “men age faster” and “men and women age at the same pace”, have found some support. We therefore employ parametric models previously established in model organisms as well as two nonparametric approaches to compare the pace of aging between the sexes using freely available mortality data from 13 high-income countries. Our results support the hypothesis that men age faster than women while also suggesting that the difference is small and that from a practical standpoint male mortality rates behave similarly to the mortality rates of women approximately eight years their senior.

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          Why do we age?

          The evolutionary theory of ageing explains why ageing occurs, giving valuable insight into the mechanisms underlying the complex cellular and molecular changes that contribute to senescence. Such understanding also helps to clarify how the genome shapes the ageing process, thereby aiding the study of the genetic factors that influence longevity and age-associated diseases.
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            Why women live longer than men: sex differences in longevity.

            Historically, women have lived longer than men in almost every country in the world. A similar pattern of sex differences in longevity is also found in many other species; however, it is not clear if there are more species in which females live longer or vice versa. For virtually all the primary causes of death and at virtually all ages, mortality rates are higher for men. Women do not live longer than men because they age more slowly, but because they are more robust at every age. Paradoxically, although women have lower mortality rates they have higher overall rates of physical illness than do men. Several hypotheses have been proposed for sex differences in longevity, including more active female immune functioning, the protective effect of estrogen, compensatory effects of the second X chromosome, reduction in the activity of growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling cascade, and the influence of oxidative stress on aging and disease. At present, none of these hypotheses are strongly supported, although weak support is available for the oxidative stress hypothesis. With the advent of more rapid genome sequencing, molecular tools will become available for more species, thus further detailing the causes for the differences in longevity between the sexes.
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              Life expectancy: women now on top everywhere.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                peter.lenart@mail.muni.cz
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                22 July 2019
                22 July 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 10589
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2194 0956, GRID grid.10267.32, Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, , Masaryk University, ; Kamenice 5, building A18, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2194 0956, GRID grid.10267.32, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, , Masaryk University, ; Kamenice 5, building A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, GRID grid.4305.2, Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, , University of Edinburgh, ; EH8 9AG Edinburgh, UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6811-0762
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6783-5251
                Article
                47111
                10.1038/s41598-019-47111-w
                6646351
                31332232
                94d0caab-7e23-42b5-8482-463af234cb5e
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 5 February 2019
                : 10 July 2019
                Categories
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                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                ageing,epidemiology
                Uncategorized
                ageing, epidemiology

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