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      Advances in the phylogeny of Helvella (Fungi: Ascomycota), inferred from nuclear ribosomal LSU sequences and morphological data Translated title: Avances en la filogenia de Helvella (Fungi: Ascomycota), inferida de secuencias nucleares ribosomales de la subunidad grande y datos morfológicos

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          Abstract

          Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Helvella were investigated using both LSU rDNA sequences and morphological features. The latter were coded and included in the analyses, resulting in better-supported clades. Helvella is monophyletic and Wynnella is its sister genus. Aporhynchous vs. pleurorhynchous asci are the synapomorphies for the 2 subgenera, Leucomelaenae and Helvella, which were confirmed as natural groups. Other recovered supported clades were section Leucomelaenae in the subgenus Leucomelaenae, and sections Elasticae , Helvella, and Lacunosae within the subgenus Helvella. Generic description, comments on taxonomically informative features, species complexes, and species that need typification are presented.

          Translated abstract

          Se investigaron las relaciones filogenéticas en el género Helvella, utilizando secuencias de la subunidad grande del ADN ribosomal y características morfológicas; estas últimas se codificaron para incluirlas en el análisis, lo que resultó en clados con mejor soporte. Helvella es un grupo monofilético y Wynnella es su género hermano. Las ascas con base simple vs. las ascas con gancho en la base son sinapomorfias que ayudan en el reconocimiento de 2 subgéneros, Leucomelaenae y Helvella, que se confirman como grupos naturales. Otros clados con soporte son la sección Leucomelaenae en el subgénero Leucomelaenae y las secciones Elasticae , Helvella y Lacunosae dentro del subgénero Helvella. Se presentan la descripción genérica, comentarios de las características taxonómicamente importantes, complejos de especies y especies en las que es necesario nombrar tipos.

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          Universal and rapid salt-extraction of high quality genomic DNA for PCR-based techniques.

          A very simple, fast, universally applicable and reproducible method to extract high quality megabase genomic DNA from different organisms is described. We applied the same method to extract high quality complex genomic DNA from different tissues (wheat, barley, potato, beans, pear and almond leaves as well as fungi, insects and shrimps' fresh tissue) without any modification. The method does not require expensive and environmentally hazardous reagents and equipment. It can be performed even in low technology laboratories. The amount of tissue required by this method is approximately 50-100 mg. The quantity and the quality of the DNA extracted by this method is high enough to perform hundreds of PCR-based reactions and also to be used in other DNA manipulation techniques such as restriction digestion, Southern blot and cloning.
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            Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff

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              Historical Biogeography and Diversification of Truffles in the Tuberaceae and Their Newly Identified Southern Hemisphere Sister Lineage

              Truffles have evolved from epigeous (aboveground) ancestors in nearly every major lineage of fleshy fungi. Because accelerated rates of morphological evolution accompany the transition to the truffle form, closely related epigeous ancestors remain unknown for most truffle lineages. This is the case for the quintessential truffle genus Tuber, which includes species with socio-economic importance and esteemed culinary attributes. Ecologically, Tuber spp. form obligate mycorrhizal symbioses with diverse species of plant hosts including pines, oaks, poplars, orchids, and commercially important trees such as hazelnut and pecan. Unfortunately, limited geographic sampling and inconclusive phylogenetic relationships have obscured our understanding of their origin, biogeography, and diversification. To address this problem, we present a global sampling of Tuberaceae based on DNA sequence data from four loci for phylogenetic inference and molecular dating. Our well-resolved Tuberaceae phylogeny shows high levels of regional and continental endemism. We also identify a previously unknown epigeous member of the Tuberaceae – the South American cup-fungus Nothojafnea thaxteri (E.K. Cash) Gamundí. Phylogenetic resolution was further improved through the inclusion of a previously unrecognized Southern hemisphere sister group of the Tuberaceae. This morphologically diverse assemblage of species includes truffle (e.g. Gymnohydnotrya spp.) and non-truffle forms that are endemic to Australia and South America. Southern hemisphere taxa appear to have diverged more recently than the Northern hemisphere lineages. Our analysis of the Tuberaceae suggests that Tuber evolved from an epigeous ancestor. Molecular dating estimates Tuberaceae divergence in the late Jurassic (∼156 million years ago), with subsequent radiations in the Cretaceous and Paleogene. Intra-continental diversification, limited long-distance dispersal, and ecological adaptations help to explain patterns of truffle evolution and biodiversity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmbiodiv
                Revista mexicana de biodiversidad
                Rev. Mex. Biodiv.
                Instituto de Biología
                2007-8706
                2015
                : 86
                : 4
                : 856-871
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro Mexico
                [2 ] Universidad Simón Bolívar Venezuela
                [3 ] Universidad de Guadalajara Mexico
                Article
                S1870-34532015000400856
                10.1016/j.rmb.2015.09.005
                951dce2d-66ab-4a7b-ba99-ead8e91730e9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                Categories
                Biodiversity Conservation

                Animal science & Zoology
                Type specimens,Distribución,Especímenes tipo,Delimitación genérica,Ecología,Generic delimitation,Ecology,Distribution

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