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      Phenol-rich fulvic acid as a water additive enhances growth, reduces stress, and stimulates the immune system of fish in aquaculture

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          Abstract

          Aquaculture has become imperative to cover the demands for dietary animal protein. Simultaneously, it has to overcome prejudices from excessive use of antibiotics and environmental impacts. Natural supplements are traditionally applied orally. In this study, we demonstrated another pathway: the gills. Humic substances are immunostimulants and a natural part of every aquatic ecosystem, making them ideal to be used as bath stimulants. Five and 50 mg C/L of a fulvic acid-rich humic substance was added for 28 days to the water of juvenile rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). This fulvic acid is characterized by a high content of phenolic moieties with persistent free radicals and a high electron exchange capacity. The high concentration of the fulvic acid significantly increased growth and reduced the food conversion ratio and the response to a handling-stressor. Phagocytosis and potential killing activity of head kidney leukocytes were increased, as well as the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) and lysozyme activity in the gills. In conclusion, immunostimulation via gills is possible with our fulvic acid, and the high phenolic content improved overall health and stress resistance of fish.

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          A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding

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            Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo: a potential role for leukocyte trafficking.

            Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are antigen-specific, cell-mediated immune responses which, depending on the antigen involved, mediate beneficial (resistance to viruses, bacteria, fungi, and certain tumors) or harmful (allergic dermatitis, autoimmunity) aspects of immune function. We have shown that acute stress administered immediately before antigenic challenge results in a significant enhancement of a skin DTH response in rats. A stress-induced trafficking or redeployment of leukocytes to the skin may be one of the factors mediating this immunoenhancement. Here we investigate the effects of varying the duration, intensity, and chronicity of stress on the DTH response and on changes in blood leukocyte distribution and glucocorticoid levels. Acute stress administered for 2 h prior to antigenic challenge, significantly enhanced the DTH response. Increasing the duration of stress from 2 h to 5 h produced the same magnitude enhancement in cutaneous DTH. Moreover, increasing the intensity of acute stress produced a significantly larger enhancement of the DTH response which was accompanied by increasing magnitudes of leukocyte redeployment. In contrast, chronic stress suppressed the DTH response when it was administered for 3 weeks before sensitization and either discontinued upon sensitization, or continued an additional week until challenge, or extended for one week after challenge. The stress-induced redeployment of peripheral blood lymphocytes was attenuated with increasing exposure to chronic stress and correlated with attenuated glucocorticoid responsivity. These results suggest that stress-induced alterations in lymphocyte redeployment may play an important role in mediating the bi-directional effects of acute versus chronic stress on cell-mediated immunity in vivo.
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              Multiple Comparisons Using Rank Sums

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                lieke@igb-berlin.de
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                8 January 2021
                8 January 2021
                2021
                : 11
                : 174
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.419247.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2108 8097, Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, , Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, ; Berlin, 12587 Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.7468.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2248 7639, Faculty of Life Sciences, , Humboldt University of Berlin, ; Berlin, 10115 Germany
                [3 ]GRID grid.218292.2, ISNI 0000 0000 8571 108X, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, , Kunming University of Science and Technology, ; Kunming, 650500 China
                [4 ]GRID grid.14476.30, ISNI 0000 0001 2342 9668, Lomonosov Moscow State University, ; Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4345-1712
                Article
                80449
                10.1038/s41598-020-80449-0
                7794407
                33420170
                955b1560-b432-444c-8bba-c49de0e3becf
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 2 October 2020
                : 21 December 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006360, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie;
                Award ID: ZF4240502SK7
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Projekt DEAL
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Uncategorized
                sustainability,innate immunity,environmental impact,ecology,freshwater ecology
                Uncategorized
                sustainability, innate immunity, environmental impact, ecology, freshwater ecology

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